Open Classification of Occupations

This open classification was adapted from International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) which was developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), and is available in open access. As well as Standard Occupational Classification (SOC 2018) which was developed by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is available in open access.

If you have any questions, comments, or feedback regarding this classification, please do not hesitate to contact me at hello@nicktoa.com

Last modified Aug 22, 2021

BGroups

60Top Managers in Business and Public Administration

601Top Managers in Business Administration

602Top Managers in Public Administration

50Managers in Business and Public Administration

501Managers in Accounting, Finance, and Related

502Managers in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

503Managers in Law and Related

504Managers in Other Business Services

51Managers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

511Managers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

52Managers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

521Managers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

53Managers in Education

531Managers in Education

54Managers in Healthcare and Welfare

541Managers in Healthcare and Welfare

55Managers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

551Managers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

56Managers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

561Managers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

57Managers in Production and Related Trades

571Managers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

572Managers in Construction and Related

573Managers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

574Managers in Manufacturing and Related

575Managers in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

58Managers in Sales and Services

581Managers in Sales and Services

59Managers in Other Fields

599Managers in Other Fields — Other

40Professionals in Business and Public Administration

401Professionals in Accounting, Finance, and Related

402Professionals in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

403Professionals in Law and Related

404Professionals in Other Business Services

41Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

411Professionals in Architecture and Related

412Professionals in Design and Related

413Professionals in Engineering and Related

414Professionals in Life Sciences

415Professionals in Math Sciences

416Professionals in Physical Sciences

417Professionals in Social Sciences

42Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

421Professionals in Arts and Entertainment

422Professionals in Culture and Related

423Professionals in Media and Related

424Professionals in Recreation and Sports

43Professionals in Education

431Professionals in Pre-Primary Education

432Professionals in Primary Education

433Professionals in Secondary Education

434Professionals in Tertiary Education

435Professionals in Vocational Education

439Professionals in Education — Other

44Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare

441Professionals in Medicine

442Professionals in Nursing and Midwifery

443Professionals in Traditional and Complementary Medicine

444Professionals in Veterinary Medicine

449Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare — Other

45Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

451Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

46Professionals in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

461Professionals in ICT — Databases and Networks

462Professionals in ICT — Software

47Professionals in Production and Related Services

471Professionals in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

472Professionals in Construction and Related

473Professionals in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

474Professionals in Manufacturing and Related

475Professionals in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

48Professionals in Sales and Services

49Professionals in Other Fields

491Professionals in Religion

492Professionals in Social Work

30Associate Professionals in Business and Public Administration

301Associate Professionals in Accounting, Finance, and Related

302Associate Professionals in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

303Associate Professionals in Law and Related

304Associate Professionals in Other Business Services

305Associate Professionals in Public Administration

31Associate Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

311Associate Professionals in Architecture and Design

312Associate Professionals in Engineering

313Associate Professionals in Sciences

319Associate Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences — Other

32Associate Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

321Associate Professionals in Arts, Entertainment, and Media

322Associate Professionals in Culture and Related

323Associate Professionals in Recreation and Sports

329Associate Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports — Other

33Associate Professionals in Education

331Associate Professionals in Education

34Associate Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare

341Associate Professionals in Medicine

342Associate Professionals in Nursing and Midwifery

343Associate Professionals in Traditional and Complementary Medicine

344Associate Professionals in Veterinary Medicine

349Associate Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare — Other

35Associate Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

351Associate Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

36Associate Professionals in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

361Associate Professionals in Operations, User Support, and Related

362Associate Professionals in Programming and Broadcasting

363Associate Professionals in Telecommunications

37Associate Professionals in Production and Related Services

371Associate Professionals in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

372Associate Professionals in Construction and Related

373Associate Professionals in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

374Associate Professionals in Manufacturing and Related

375Associate Professionals in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

38Associate Professionals in Sales and Services

39Associate Professionals in Other Fields

391Associate Professionals in Religion

392Associate Professionals in Social Work

20Skilled Workers in Business and Public Administration

201Skilled Workers in Accounting, Finance, and Related

202Skilled Workers in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

203Skilled Workers in Law and Related

204Skilled Workers in Other Business Services

21Skilled Workers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

22Skilled Workers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, Sports

221Skilled Workers in Arts and Related

222Skilled Workers in Culture and Related

223Skilled Workers in Entertainment and Related

224Skilled Workers in Media, Recreation and Sports

23Skilled Workers in Education

231Skilled Workers in Education

24Skilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

241Skilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

25Skilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

251Skilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

26Skilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

261Skilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

27Skilled Workers in Production and Related Trades

271Skilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related (Market-Oriented)

272Skilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related (Subsistence)

273Skilled Workers in Construction and Related

274Skilled Workers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

275Skilled Workers in Manufacturing

276Skilled Workers in Manufacturing — Assemblers

277Skilled Workers in Manufacturing — Mobile Plant and Machinery

278Skilled Workers in Manufacturing — Stationary Plant and Machinery

279Skilled Workers in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

28Skilled Workers in Sales and Services

281Skilled Workers in Beauty Services

282Skilled Workers in Cleaning Services

283Skilled Workers in Customer Services

284Skilled Workers in Maintenance and Repair Services

285Skilled Workers in Protective Services

286Skilled Workers in Sales

29Skilled Workers in Other Fields

299Skilled Workers in Other Fields — Other

10Unskilled Workers in Business and Public Administration

11Unskilled Workers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

12Unskilled Workers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

13Unskilled Workers in Education

14Unskilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

15Unskilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

151Unskilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

16Unskilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

17Unskilled Workers in Production and Related Trades

171Unskilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

172Unskilled Workers in Construction and Related

173Unskilled Workers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

174Unskilled Workers in Manufacturing and Related

175Unskilled Workers in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

18Unskilled Workers in Sales and Services

181Unskilled Workers in Commercial and Domestic Cleaning Services

182Unskilled Workers in Laundries and Other Cleaning Services

183Unskilled Workers in Street and Related Sales and Services

19Unskilled Workers in Other Fields

191Unskilled Workers in Waste Management and Related

199Unskilled Workers in Other Fields — Other

CClasses

60Top Managers in Business and Public Administration

601Top Managers in Business Administration

6011Chief Executives, Managing Directors, Managing Partners, and Related

602Top Managers in Public Administration

6021Legislators and Related

6022Senior Officials in Government Organizations

6023Senior Officials in Non-Government Organizations

50Managers in Business and Public Administration

501Managers in Accounting, Finance, and Related

5011Finance Managers

5012Financial and Insurance Services Branch Managers

502Managers in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

5021Advertising and Public Relations (PR) Managers

5022Marketing and Sales Managers

503Managers in Law and Related

504Managers in Other Business Services

5041Human Resource (HR) Managers

5042Policy and Planning Managers

504NManagers in Other Business Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

51Managers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

511Managers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

5111Research and Development (R&D) Managers

52Managers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

521Managers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

5211Cultural, Recreation, and Sports Center Managers

53Managers in Education

531Managers in Education

5311Education Managers

54Managers in Healthcare and Welfare

541Managers in Healthcare and Welfare

5411Aged Care Services Managers

5412Child Care Services Managers

5413Healthcare Services Managers

5414Social Welfare Services Managers

55Managers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

551Managers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

5511Hotel Managers

5512Restaurant Managers

5513Catering Managers

56Managers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

561Managers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

5611ICT Services Managers

57Managers in Production and Related Trades

571Managers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

5711Agricultural and Forestry Production Managers

5712Aquacultural and Fishery Production Managers

572Managers in Construction and Related

5721Construction Managers

573Managers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

5731Mining Managers

574Managers in Manufacturing and Related

5741Manufacturing Managers

575Managers in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

5751Distribution, Supply, and Related Managers

58Managers in Sales and Services

581Managers in Sales and Services

5811Wholesale and Retail Trade Managers

59Managers in Other Fields

599Managers in Other Fields — Other

599NManagers in Other Fields, Not Elsewhere Classified

40Professionals in Business and Public Administration

401Professionals in Accounting, Finance, and Related

4011Accountants and Auditors

4012Financial and Investment Advisers

4013Financial and Investment Analysts

402Professionals in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

4021Advertising and Marketing Professionals

4022Public Relations (PR) Professionals

4023Sales Professionals, ICT

4024Sales Professionals, Non-ICT

403Professionals in Law and Related

4031Judges and Related

4032Lawyers and Related

403NProfessionals in Law and Related, Not Elsewhere Classified

404Professionals in Other Business Services

4041Management and Organization Analysts

4042Personnel and Careers Professionals

4043Policy Administration Professionals

4044Training and Development Professionals

41Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

411Professionals in Architecture and Related

4111Architects, Building Architecture

4112Architects, Landscape Architecture

4113Cartographers, Surveyors, and Related

4114Planners, Traffic and Urban Planning

412Professionals in Design and Related

4121Designers, Fashion and Industrial Design

4122Designers, Graphic and Multimedia Design

413Professionals in Engineering and Related

4131Engineers, Chemical Engineering

4132Engineers, Civil Engineering

4133Engineers, Electrical Engineering

4134Engineers, Electronics Engineering

4135Engineers, Environmental Engineering

4136Engineers, Industrial and Production Engineering

4137Engineers, Mechanical Engineering

4138Engineers, Metallurgy, Mining, and Related

4139Engineers, Telecommunications

413NEngineers, Not Elsewhere Classified

414Professionals in Life Sciences

4141Advisers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

4142Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists, and Related

4143Environmental Protection Professionals

415Professionals in Math Sciences

4151Actuaries, Mathematicians, Statisticians, and Related

416Professionals in Physical Sciences

4161Chemists and Related

4162Geologists, Geophysicists, and Related

4163Meteorologists and Related

4164Physicists, Space Scientists, and Related

417Professionals in Social Sciences

4171Anthropologists, Sociologists, and Related

4172Economists and Related

4173Historians, Philosophers, Political Scientists, and Related

4174Psychologists and Related

42Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

421Professionals in Arts and Entertainment

4211Actors and Related

4212Composers, Musicians, Singers, and Related

4213Choreographers, Dancers, and Related

4214Directors, Producers, and Related

4215Photographers and Related

4216Visual Artists and Related

421NProfessionals in Arts and Entertainment, Not Elsewhere Classified

422Professionals in Culture and Related

4221Archivists, Curators, and Related

4222Librarians and Related

423Professionals in Media and Related

4231Announcers and Hosts on Radio, Television, and Other Media

4232Authors and Related Writers

4233Journalists and Related Writers

4234Interpreters, Translators, and Other Linguists

424Professionals in Recreation and Sports

4241Sports Athletes and Players

4242Sports Coaches, Instructors, and Officials

43Professionals in Education

431Professionals in Pre-Primary Education

4311Teachers, Pre-Primary Education

432Professionals in Primary Education

4321Teachers, Primary Education

433Professionals in Secondary Education

4331Teachers, Secondary Education

434Professionals in Tertiary Education

4341Teachers, Tertiary Education

435Professionals in Vocational Education

4351Teachers, Vocational Education

439Professionals in Education — Other

4391Teachers, Arts, Not Elsewhere Classified

4392Teachers, Languages, Not Elsewhere Classified

4393Teachers, Music, Not Elsewhere Classified

4394Teachers, Special Needs

44Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare

441Professionals in Medicine

4411Medical Doctors and Practitioners, General

4412Medical Doctors and Practitioners, Specialized

442Professionals in Nursing and Midwifery

4421Nursing Professionals

4422Midwifery Professionals

443Professionals in Traditional and Complementary Medicine

4431Traditional and Complementary Medicine Professionals

444Professionals in Veterinary Medicine

4441Veterinarians and Related

449Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare — Other

4491Audiologists and Speech Therapists

4492Dentists and Related

4493Dieticians and Nutritionists

4494Environmental and Occupational Health and Hygiene Professionals

4495Optometrists and Ophthalmic Opticians

4496Paramedical Practitioners

4497Pharmacists and Related

4498Physiotherapists and Related

449NProfessionals in Healthcare and Welfare, Not Elsewhere Classified

45Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

451Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

4511Chefs and Related

46Professionals in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

461Professionals in ICT — Databases and Networks

4611Database Professionals

4612Network Professionals

4613Systems Administrators

461NProfessionals in ICT — Databases and Networks, Not Elsewhere Classified

462Professionals in ICT — Software

4621Developers, Software

4622Developers, Web and Multimedia

4623Systems Analysts

462NProfessionals in ICT — Software, Not Elsewhere Classified

47Professionals in Production and Related Services

471Professionals in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

472Professionals in Construction and Related

473Professionals in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

474Professionals in Manufacturing and Related

475Professionals in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

4751Air Transportation — Pilots and Related

4752Water Transportation — Captains, Skippers, and Related

48Professionals in Sales and Services

49Professionals in Other Fields

491Professionals in Religion

4911Religion Professionals

492Professionals in Social Work

4921Social Work and Counselling Professionals

30Associate Professionals in Business and Public Administration

301Associate Professionals in Accounting, Finance, and Related

3011Accounting Associate Professionals

3012Actuary, Math, Statistics, and Related Associate Professionals

3013Credit and Loans Officers

3014Finance and Securities Brokers and Dealers

3015Valuers and Loss Assessors

302Associate Professionals in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

3021Buyers

3022Sales Representatives, Commercial

3023Sales Representatives, Insurance

3024Trade Brokers

303Associate Professionals in Law and Related

3031Legal and Related Associate Professionals

3032Legal Secretaries

304Associate Professionals in Other Business Services

3041Administrative and Executive Secretaries

3042Clearing and Forwarding Agents

3043Conference and Event Planners

3044Employment Agents and Contractors

3045General Secretaries

3046Office Supervisors

3047Real Estate Agents and Property Managers

304NAssociate Professionals in Other Business Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

305Associate Professionals in Public Administration

3051Government Officials, Licensing

3052Government Officials, Social Benefits

3053Government Officials, Tax and Excise

3054Inspectors, Borders and Customs

3055Inspectors, Police

305NAssociate Professionals in Public Administration, Not Elsewhere Classified

31Associate Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

311Associate Professionals in Architecture and Design

3111Draftspersons

3112Interior Decorators and Designers

312Associate Professionals in Engineering

3121Technicians, Chemical Engineering

3122Technicians, Civil Engineering

3123Technicians, Electrical Engineering

3124Technicians, Electronics Engineering

3125Technicians, Mechanical Engineering

3126Technicians, Metallurgy, Mining, and Related

313Associate Professionals in Sciences

3131Technicians, Life Sciences (excl. Medical)

3132Technicians, Physical Sciences

319Associate Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences — Other

319NAssociate Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences, Not Elsewhere Classified

32Associate Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

321Associate Professionals in Arts, Entertainment, and Media

3211Fashion and Other Models

322Associate Professionals in Culture and Related

3221Technicians, Galleries, Libraries, and Museums

323Associate Professionals in Recreation and Sports

3231Fitness Instructors, Program Leaders, and Related

329Associate Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports — Other

329NAssociate Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports, Not Elsewhere Classified

33Associate Professionals in Education

331Associate Professionals in Education

3311Education Methods Specialists

3312Information Technology (IT) Trainers

31NAssociate Professionals in Education, Not Elsewhere Classified

34Associate Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare

341Associate Professionals in Medicine

3411Medical and Dental Prosthetic Technicians

3412Medical and Pathology Laboratory Technicians

3413Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Equipment Technicians

3494Medical Records and Health Information Technicians

342Associate Professionals in Nursing and Midwifery

3421Nursing Associate Professionals

3422Midwifery Associate Professionals

343Associate Professionals in Traditional and Complementary Medicine

3431Traditional and Complementary Medicine Associate Professionals

344Associate Professionals in Veterinary Medicine

3441Veterinary Assistants and Technicians

349Associate Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare — Other

3491Ambulance Workers

3492Community Health Workers

3493Dental Assistants and Therapists

3494Dispensing Opticians

3495Environmental and Occupational Health Inspectors and Associates

3496Medical and Dental Secretaries

3497Medical Assistants

3498Pharmaceutical Assistants and Technicians

3499Physiotherapy Assistants and Technicians

349NAssociate Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare, Not Elsewhere Classified

35Associate Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

351Associate Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

3511Bartenders and Related

3512Cooks and Related

36Associate Professionals in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

361Associate Professionals in Operations, User Support, and Related

3611Technicians, ICT Operations

3612Technicians, ICT User Support

3613Technicians, Networks and Systems

3614Technicians, Web

362Associate Professionals in Programming and Broadcasting

3621Technicians, Programming and Broadcasting

363Associate Professionals in Telecommunications

3631Technicians, Telecommunications

37Associate Professionals in Production and Related Services

371Associate Professionals in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

3711Technicians, Agriculture and Related

3712Technicians, Forestry and Related

372Associate Professionals in Construction and Related

3721Construction Supervisors

373Associate Professionals in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

3731Mining Supervisors

374Associate Professionals in Manufacturing and Related

3741Supervisors, Manufacturing and Related

375Associate Professionals in Process Control

3751Chemical Processing Plant Controllers

3752Incinerator and Water Treatment Plant Operators

3753Metal Production Process Controllers

3754Oil and Gas Refining Plant Operators

3755Power Production Plant Operators

375NAssociate Professionals in Process Control, Not Elsewhere Classified

376Associate Professionals in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

3761Air Transportation — Traffic Controllers

3762Air Transportation — Traffic Safety Technicians

3763Water Transportation — Crew Members

3764Water Transportation — Engineers

38Associate Professionals in Sales and Services

39Associate Professionals in Other Fields

391Associate Professionals in Religion

3911Religion Associate Professionals

392Associate Professionals in Social Work

3921Social Work Associate Professionals

20Skilled Workers in Business and Public Administration

201Skilled Workers in Accounting, Finance, and Related

2011Clerks, Accounting and Bookkeeping

2012Clerks, Finance, Insurance, and Statistics

2013Clerks, Payroll

2014Debt Collectors and Related

2015Money-Lenders and Pawnbrokers

202Skilled Workers in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

2021Survey and Market Research Interviewers

203Skilled Workers in Law and Related

204Skilled Workers in Other Business Services

2041Clerks, Coding, Proofreading, and Related

2042Clerks, Copying and Filing

2043Clerks, Data Entry

2044Clerks, General Office

2045Clerks, Personnel

204NSkilled Workers in Other Business Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

21Skilled Workers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

22Skilled Workers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, Sports

221Skilled Workers in Arts and Related

2211Handicraft Workers, Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders, and Finishers

2212Handicraft Workers, Jewelry and Precious Metal Workers

2213Handicraft Workers, Musical Instrument Makers and Tuners

2214Handicraft Workers, Potters and Related Workers

2215Handicraft Workers, Precision Instrument Makers and Repairers

2216Handicraft Workers, Signwriters, Decorative Painters, Engravers, and Etchers

2217Handicraft Workers, Textile, Leather, and Related Materials

2218Handicraft Workers, Wood, Basketry, and Related Materials

221NHandicraft Workers, Not Elsewhere Classified

222Skilled Workers in Culture and Related

2221Clerks, Libraries

223Skilled Workers in Entertainment and Related

2231Bookmakers, Croupiers, and Related

224Skilled Workers in Media, Recreation and Sports

23Skilled Workers in Education

231Skilled Workers in Education

2311Child Care Workers

2312Driving Instructors

2313Teaching Assistants

24Skilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

241Skilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

2411Healthcare Assistants

2412Home-Based Personal Care Workers

241NSkilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare, Not Elsewhere Classified

25Skilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

251Skilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

2511Fast Food Preparers

2512Food Service Counter Attendants

2513Hotel Receptionists

2514Travel Attendants and Stewards

2515Travel Consultants

2516Travel Guides

26Skilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

261Skilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

2611Printing Trades Workers, Pre-Press Technicians

2612Printing Trades Workers, Printers

2613Printing Trades Workers, Print Finishing and Binding

2614Telephone Switchboard Operators

2615Typists and Word Processing Operators

27Skilled Workers in Production and Related Trades

271Skilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related (Market-Oriented)

2711Mixed Farming Producers

2712Animal Farming Producers

2713Crop Farming Producers

2714Aquaculture and Related Workers

2715Fishers, Deep Sea

2716Fishers, Inland and Coastal Waters

2717Forestry and Related Workers

2718Hunters and Trappers

272Skilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related (Subsistence)

2721Subsistence Mixed Farmers

2722Subsistence Animal Farmer

2723Subsistence Crop Farmers

2724Subsistence Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related Workers

273Skilled Workers in Construction and Related

2731Building and Related Electricians

2732Building Finishers and Related Trades Workers

2733Building Frame and Related Trades Workers

2734Building Structure Cleaners

2735Painters and Related Workers

2736Spray Painters and Varnishers

274Skilled Workers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

2741Blasters and Shotfirers

2742Borers, Well Drillers, and Related

2743Cement, Stone, and Other Mineral Products Machine Operators

2744Mineral and Stone Processing Plant Operators

2745Miners and Quarriers

275Skilled Workers in Manufacturing

2751Clerks, Production

2752Food Processing and Related Trades Workers

2753Garment and Related Trades Workers

2754Machinery, Metallurgy, and Related Trades Workers

2755Wood and Related Trades Workers

276Skilled Workers in Manufactring — Assemblers

2761Assemblers, Electrical and Electronic Equipment

2762Assemblers, Mechanical Machinery

276NAssemblers, Not Elsewhere Classified

277Skilled Workers in Manufactring — Mobile Plant and Machinery

2771Mobile Plant and Machine Operators — Crane, Hoist, and Related

2772Mobile Plant and Machine Operators — Earthmoving and Related

2773Mobile Plant and Machine Operators — Lifting Trucks

2774Mobile Plant and Machine Operators — Mobile Farms and Forestry Plants

278Skilled Workers in Manufactring — Stationary Plant and Machinery

2781Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Boilers and Steam Engines

2782Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Bottling, Labelling, Packing

2783Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Ceramics, Glass, and Related

2784Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Chemical and Photographic Products

2785Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Food and Related Products

2786Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Fur, Leather, and Textile Products

2787Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Metal and Related Products

2788Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Paper, Wood, and Related Products

2789Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Plastic, Rubber, and Related Products

278NStationary Plant and Machine Operators — Not Elsewhere Classified

279Skilled Workers in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

2791Clerks, Stock

2792Clerks, Transport

2793Delivery — Mail Carriers and Sorting Clerks

2794Raiload Transportation — Locomotive Engine Drivers

2795Raiload Transportation — Railway Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators

2796Road Transportation — Bus and Tram Drivers

2797Road Transportation — Car and Van Drivers

2798Road Transportation — Heavy Truck Drivers

2799Road Transportation — Motorcycle Drivers

28Skilled Workers in Sales and Services

281Skilled Workers in Beauty Services

2811Barbers, Hairstylists, and Related

2812Beauticians and Related

282Skilled Workers in Cleaning Services

2821Building Caretakers

2822Cleaning and Housekeeping Supervisors, Commercial

2823Cleaning and Housekeeping Supervisors, Domestic

283Skilled Workers in Customer Services

2831Bank Tellers and Related

2832Cashiers and Tickets Clerks

2833Contact Center Clerks

2834General Receptionists

2835Inquiry Clerks

2836Scribes and Related

2837Service Station Attendants

283NSkilled Workers in Customer Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

284Skilled Workers in Maintenance and Repair Services

2841Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers

2842Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics

2843Aircraft Engine Mechanics and Repairers

2844Bicycle and Related Repairers

2845Electrical Line Installers and Repairers

2846Electrical Mechanics and Fitters

2847Electronics Mechanics and Servicers

2848ICT Installers and Servicers

2849Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers

285Skilled Workers in Protective Services

2851Firefighters

2852Police Officers

2853Prison Guards

2854Security Guards

285NSkilled Workers in Protective Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

286Skilled Workers in Sales

2861Sales Demonstrators

2862Salespersons, Contact Center

2863Salespersons, Door-to-Door

2864Salespersons, Stall and Market

2865Salespersons, Street Food

2866Shopkeepers

2867Shop Supervisors

2868Shop Sales Assistants

286NSkilled Workers in Sales, Not Elsewhere Classified

29Skilled Workers in Other Fields

299Skilled Workers in Other Fields — Other

2991Astrologers, Fortune-Tellers, and Related

2992Companions and Valets

2993Embalmers and Undertakers

2994Fumigators and Other Pest and Weed Controllers

2995Pet Groomers and Other Animal Care Workers

2996Product Graders and Testers (excl. Foods and Beverages)

2997Transport Conductors

2998Underwater Divers

299NSkilled Workers in Other Fields, Not Elsewhere Classified

10Unskilled Workers in Business and Public Administration

11Unskilled Workers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

12Unskilled Workers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

13Unskilled Workers in Education

14Unskilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

15Unskilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

151Unskilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

1511Kitchen Helpers

1512Waiters and Related

16Unskilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

17Unskilled Workers in Production and Related Trades

171Unskilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

1711Laborers in Mixed Farming

1712Laborers in Animal Farming

1713Laborers in Crop Farming

1714Laborers in Gardening, Horticulture, and Related

1715Laborers in Aquaculture and Related

1716Laborers in Forestry and Related

172Unskilled Workers in Construction and Related

1721Laborers in Building Construction

1722Laborers in Civil Engineering Construction

173Unskilled Workers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

1731Laborers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

174Unskilled Workers in Manufacturing and Related

1741Hand Packers and Related

174NUnskilled Workers in Manufacturing and Related, Not Elsewhere Classified

175Unskilled Workers in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

1751Deliverers, Messengers, Porters, and Related

1752Drivers, Animal-Drawn Vehicles and Machinery

1753Drivers, Hand and Pedal Vehicles

1754Freight Handlers

1755Shelf Fillers

18Unskilled Workers in Sales and Services

181Unskilled Workers in Commercial and Domestic Cleaning Services

1811Cleaners and Helpers, Commercial

1812Cleaners and Helpers, Domestic

182Unskilled Workers in Laundries and Other Cleaning Services

1821Cleaners and Helpers, Laundries

1822Cleaners and Helpers, Vehicle Cleaning Services

1823Cleaners and Helpers, Window Cleaning Services

1824Cleaners and Helpers, Other Cleaning Services

183Unskilled Workers in Street and Related Sales and Services

1831Vendors, Street and Related Sales (excl. Food)

1832Workers, Street and Related Services

19Unskilled Workers in Other Fields

191Unskilled Workers in Waste Management and Related

1911Garbage and Recycling Collectors

1912Refuse Sorters and Related

1913Sweepers and Related

199Unskilled Workers in Other Fields — Other

1991Firewood and Water Collectors

1992Meter Readers and Vending Machine Collectors

1993Odd-Job Persons

199NUnskilled Workers in Other Fields, Not Elsewhere Classified

DDetailed

60Top Managers in Business and Public Administration

601Top Managers in Business Administration

6011Chief Executives, Managing Directors, Managing Partners, and Related

Managing directors and chief executives formulate and review the policies, and plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities, of enterprises or organizations (except special-interest organizations and government departments) with the support of other managers, usually within guidelines established by a board of directors or a governing body to whom they are answerable for the operations undertaken and results.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, directing and coordinating the general functioning of an enterprise or organization;
(b) reviewing the operations and results of the enterprise or organization and reporting to boards of directors and governing bodies;
(c) determining objectives, strategies, policies and programs for the enterprise or organization;
(d) providing overall leadership and management to the enterprise or organization;
(e) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(f) authorizing material, human and financial resources to implement organizational policies and programs;
(g) monitoring and evaluating performance of the organization or enterprise against established objectives and policies;
(h) consulting with senior subordinate staff and reviewing recommendations and reports;
(i) representing the organization at official occasions and board meetings, in negotiations and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums;
(j) selecting or approving the selection of senior staff;
(k) ensuring the organization complies with relevant legislation and regulations.

Examples: Chief executive, Managing director, Managing partner, Regional manager

602Top Managers in Public Administration

6021Legislators and Related

Legislators determine, formulate and direct policies of national, state, regional or local governments and international governmental agencies, and make, ratify, amend or repeal laws, public rules and regulations. They include elected and non-elected members of parliaments, councils and governments.

Tasks include:
(a) presiding over or participating in the proceedings of legislative bodies and administrative councils of national, state, regional or local governments or legislative assemblies;
(b) determining, formulating and directing policies of national, state, regional or local governments;
(c) making, ratifying, amending or repealing laws, public rules and regulations within a statutory or constitutional framework;
(d) serving on government administrative boards or official committees;
(e) investigating matters of concern to the public and promoting the interests of the constituencies which they represent;
(f) attending community functions and meetings to provide service to the community, understand public opinion and provide information on government plans;
(g) negotiating with other legislators and representatives of interest groups in order to reconcile differing interests, and to create policies and agreements;
(h) as members of the government, directing senior administrators and officials of government departments and agencies in the interpretation and implementation of government policies.

Examples: City councillor, Government minister, Mayor, Member of parliament, President (government), Secretary of state, Senator, State governor

6022Senior Officials in Government Organizations

Senior government officials advise governments on policy matters, oversee the interpretation and implementation of government policies and legislation by government departments and agencies, represent their country abroad and act on its behalf, or carry out similar tasks in intergovernmental organizations. They plan, organize, direct, control and evaluate the overall activities of municipal or local, regional and national government departments, boards, agencies or commissions in accordance with legislation and policies established by government and legislative bodies.

Tasks include:
(a) advising national, state, regional or local governments and legislators on policy matters;
(b) advising on the preparation of government budgets, laws and regulations, including amendments;
(c) establishing objectives for government departments or agencies in accordance with government legislation and policy;
(d) formulating or approving and evaluating programs and procedures for the implementation of government policies in conjunction or consultation with government,
(e) recommending, reviewing, evaluating and approving documents, briefs and reports submitted by middle managers and senior staff members;
(f) ensuring appropriate systems and procedures are developed and implemented to provide budgetary control;
(g) coordinating activities with other senior government managers and officials;
(h) making presentations to legislative and other government committees regarding policies, programs or budgets;
(i) overseeing the interpretation and implementation of government policies and legislation by government departments and agencies.

Examples: Ambassador, City administrator, Civil service commissioner, Consul-general, Director-general (government department), Director-general (intergovernmental organization), Fire commissioner, Inspector-general (police), Permanent head (government department), Police chief constable, Police commissioner, Secretary-general (government administration), Under-secretary (government)

6023Senior Officials in Non-Government Organizations

Senior officials of special-interest organizations determine, formulate and direct the implementation of policies of special-interest organizations, such as political-party organizations, trade unions, employers’ organizations, trade and industry associations, humanitarian or charity organizations, or sports associations, and represent their organizations and act on their behalf.

Tasks include:
(a) determining and formulating the policies, rules and regulations of the organization;
(b) planning, directing and coordinating the general functioning of the organization;
(c) reviewing the operations and results of the organization and reporting to boards of directors and governing bodies, the organization’s membership and funding agencies;
(d) negotiating on behalf of the organization, its members and relevant special-interest groups;
(e) promoting the interests of the organization, its members and relevant special-interest groups before the legislature, government or general public;
(f) planning, organizing and directing sections charged with implementing the organization's policies, programs, rules and regulations;
(g) ensuring appropriate systems and procedures are developed and implemented to provide budgetary control;
(h) monitoring and evaluating performance of the organization or enterprise against established objectives and policies;
(i) representing the organization at official occasions and board meetings, in negotiations and at conventions, public hearings and forums.

Examples: Chairperson, trade union; Director-general, employers’ organization; Leader, political party; President, political party; Secretary-general, environment protection organization; Secretary-general, human rights organization

50Managers in Business and Public Administration

501Managers in Accounting, Finance, and Related

5011Finance Managers

Finance managers plan, direct and coordinate the financial operations of an enterprise or organization, in consultation with senior managers and with managers of other departments or sections, or of enterprises that provide financial services to other enterprises and organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, directing and coordinating the financial operations of an enterprise or organization;
(b) assessing the financial situation of the enterprise or organization, preparing budgets and overseeing financial operations;
(c) consulting with the chief executive and with managers of other departments or sections;
(d) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(e) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
(f) planning and directing daily operations;
(g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
(h) representing the enterprise or organization in dealings with outside bodies.

Examples: Company secretary, Finance manager

5012Financial and Insurance Services Branch Managers

Financial and insurance services branch managers plan, direct and coordinate the branches of institutions that provide financial and insurance services, such as banks, building societies, credit unions and insurance companies. They provide advice and assistance to clients on financial and insurance matters.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, directing and coordinating the activities of staff in the branch;
(b) establishing and maintaining relationships with individual and business customers;
(c) providing advice and assistance to customers on their financial and insurance needs and on matters such as changes in law that may affect customers;
(d) examining, evaluating and processing loan and insurance applications;
(e) monitoring credit extension decisions;
(f) conducting financial investigations;
(g) overseeing the flow of cash and financial instruments, and the preparation of financial and regulatory reports;
(h) approving or rejecting, or coordinating the approval or rejection of, lines of credit for commercial, real estate and personal loans;
(i) coordinating cooperation with other branches of the company;
(j) managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(k) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff.

Examples: Bank manager, Building society manager, Credit union manager, Financial institution branch manager, Insurance agency manager

502Managers in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

5021Advertising and Public Relations (PR) Managers

Advertising and public relations managers plan, direct and coordinate the advertising, public relations and public information activities of enterprises and organizations or of enterprises that provide related services to other enterprises and organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, directing and coordinating the advertising and public relations activities of an enterprise or organization;
(b) negotiating advertising contracts with clients or with newspapers, radio and television stations, sports and cultural organizations and advertising agencies;
(c) planning and managing information programs to inform legislators, the mass media and the general public about the plans, accomplishments and points of view of the enterprise or organization;
(d) leading and managing the activities of advertising and public relations staff;
(e) establishing and managing budgets and controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(f) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
(g) planning and directing daily operations;
(h) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff.

Examples: Advertising manager, Public relations manager

5022Marketing and Sales Managers

Sales and marketing managers plan, direct and coordinate the sales and marketing activities of an enterprise or organization, or of enterprises that provide sales and marketing services to other enterprises and organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) planning and organizing special sales and marketing programs based on sales records and market assessments;
(b) determining price lists, discount and delivery terms, sales promotion budgets, sales methods, special incentives and campaigns;
(c) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures related to sales and marketing activities;
(d) leading and managing the activities of sales and marketing staff;
(e) planning and directing daily operations;
(f) establishing and managing budgets and controlling expenditure to ensure the efficient use of resources;
(g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
(h) representing the enterprise or organization at sales and marketing conventions, trade exhibitions and other forums.

Examples: Marketing manager, Sales manager

503Managers in Law and Related

504Managers in Other Business Services

5041Human Resource (HR) Managers

Human resource managers plan, direct and coordinate policies concerning the personnel, industrial relations and occupational health and safety activities of an enterprise or organization, or of enterprises that provide human resource services to other enterprises and organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, directing and coordinating the personnel and industrial relations activities, policies and practices of an enterprise or organization;
(b) planning and organizing procedures for recruitment, training, promotion, transfer and dismissal of staff;
(c) planning and organizing negotiations and procedures for determination of wage structures and level and for consultation with workers on conditions of employment;
(d) overseeing safety, health and related programs and activities;
(e) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(f) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
(g) overseeing the development and implementation of management information systems;
(h) ensuring compliance with standards and legislation relating to employees’ rights, health and safety, equal opportunity and related concerns;
(i) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff for the entire enterprise or organization;
(j) consulting with senior management and with managers of other departments;
(k) representing the enterprise or organization in dealings with outside bodies.

Examples: Industrial relations manager, Personnel manager, Recruitment manager

5042Policy and Planning Managers

Policy and planning managers plan, organize, direct and coordinate policy advice and strategic planning activities within government or for non-government organizations and private sector agencies, or manage the activities of enterprises that provide policy and strategic planning services.

Tasks include:
(a) developing, implementing and monitoring strategic plans, programs, policies, processes, systems and procedures to achieve goals, objectives and work standards;
(b) developing, directing, administering and participating in policy research and analysis;
(c) coordinating the implementation of policies and practices;
(d) establishing activity measures and measurements of accountability;
(e) planning and directing daily operations;
(f) leading and managing the activities of policy development and strategic planning staff;
(g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
(h) consulting with senior management and with managers of other departments;
(i) representing the enterprise or organization in negotiations, and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums.

Examples: Corporate planning manager, Policy manager, Strategic planning manager

504NManagers in Other Business Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers Managers in Business and Public Administration not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes occupations such as facilities manager, cleaning services manager and administrative services manager employed either as the manager of a department of a large enterprise and organization, or of an enterprise that provides such services to other enterprises and organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) providing administrative, strategic planning and operational support, research and advice to senior management on matters such as the management of building facilities and administrative services;
(b) developing and managing the organization’s administrative and physical resources;
(c) developing and implementing administrative and procedural statements and guidelines for use by staff in the organization;
(d) analysing complex resource management issues and initiatives that affect the organization, and preparing associated reports, correspondence and submissions;
(e) providing information and support for the preparation of financial reports and budgets;
(f) leading, managing and developing administrative staff to ensure smooth business operations and the provision of accurate and timely information;
(g) representing the enterprise or organization in negotiations, and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums;
(h) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(i) planning and directing daily operations;
(j) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff.

Examples: Administrative services manager, Cleaning services manager, Corporate services manager, Facilities manager

51Managers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

511Managers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

5111Research and Development (R&D) Managers

Research and development managers plan, direct and coordinate the research and development activities of an enterprise or organization or of enterprises that provide related services to other enterprises and organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, directing and coordinating research and development activities, in-house or commissioned from external research organizations, to develop new or improved technical processes, products, knowledge, or utilization of materials;
(b) planning the overall research and development program of an enterprise or organization, specifying goals and budgetary requirements;
(c) leading and managing the activities of research and development staff;
(d) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(e) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
(f) planning and directing daily operations;
(g) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
(h) representing the enterprise or organization at conventions, seminars and conferences.

Examples: Product development manager, Research manager

52Managers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

521Managers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

5211Cultural, Recreation, and Sports Center Managers

Sports, recreation and cultural center managers plan, organize and control the operations of establishments that provide sporting, artistic, theatrical and other recreational and amenity services.

Tasks include:
(a) planning and organizing the range and mix of entertainment, attractions, cultural activities and sports and fitness programs to be offered by the center;
(b) ensuring that facilities are kept clean and in good condition;
(c) keeping abreast of new trends and developments in the creative arts and arranging theatrical productions and performances by bands and orchestras;
(d) advising on the facilities available and promoting publicity in relation to events, shows and activities;
(e) checking and keeping custody of all cash receipts and making regular stock checks;
(f) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(g) planning and directing daily operations;
(h) controlling the selection, supervision and performance of staff;
(i) ensuring compliance with health and safety regulations.

Examples: Amusement park manager, Billiards or pool hall manager, Casino manager, Cinema manager, Leisure center manager, Riding school manager, Sports center manager, Theatre manager, Theme park manager

53Managers in Education

531Managers in Education

5311Education Managers

Education managers plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the educational and administrative aspects of education services, primary and secondary schools, colleges and faculties and departments in universities and other educational institutions.

Tasks include:
(a) determining educational programs based on frameworks established by education authorities and governing bodies;
(b) implementing systems and procedures to monitor school performance and student enrolments;
(c) directing administrative and clerical activities concerning student admissions and educational services;
(d) controlling administrative operations such as budget planning, report preparation, and expenditure on supplies, equipment and services;
(e) providing leadership and guidance to teaching, academic and administrative staff as well as to students;
(f) evaluating the work of teachers and lecturers by visiting classrooms, observing teaching methods, reviewing instructional objectives and examining learning materials;
(g) promoting the educational program, and representing the service or institution in the wider community;
(h) supervising the maintenance of educational facilities;
(i) developing and enforcing a disciplinary code to create a safe and conducive environment for students and teachers;
(j) organizing and implementing methods of raising additional funds in conjunction with parent and community groups and sponsors;
(k) controlling selection, training and supervision of staff.

Examples: College director, Dean (university), Head teacher, School principal

54Managers in Healthcare and Welfare

541Managers in Healthcare and Welfare

5411Aged Care Services Managers

Aged care services managers plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the provision of residential and personal care services for individuals and families who are in need of such services due to the effects of ageing.

Tasks include:
(a) providing overall direction and management for a service, facility, organization or center;
(b) directing, supervising and evaluating the work activities of medical, nursing, technical, clerical, service, maintenance and other personnel;
(c) establishing objectives and evaluative or operational criteria for units they manage;
(d) directing or conducting recruitment, hiring and training of personnel;
(e) developing, implementing and monitoring procedures, policies and performance standards for nursing, personal care, technical and administrative staff;
(f) coordinating and administering welfare programs and care services for the elderly;
(g) controlling administrative operations such as budget planning, report preparation, and expenditure on supplies, equipment and services;
(h) liaising with other health and welfare providers, boards and funding bodies to coordinate the provision of services;
(i) advising government bodies about measures to improve health and welfare services and facilities;
(j) representing the organization in negotiations, and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums.

Examples: Aged care home director, Community aged care coordinator, Nursing home director, Retirement village coordinator

5412Child Care Services Managers

Child care services managers plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the provision of care for children in before-school, after-school, vacation and day care centers and services.

Tasks include:
(a) developing and implementing programs to enhance the physical, social, emotional and intellectual development of young children;
(b) establishing and monitoring budgets and determining allocation of funds for staff, supplies, materials, equipment and maintenance;
(c) overseeing and coordinating the provision of care for children in before-school, after-school, day and vacation care centers;
(d) directing and supervising child carers in providing care and supervision for young children;
(e) managing physical facilities and making sure all buildings and equipment are maintained to ensure the center is a safe area for children, staff and visitors;
(f) reviewing and interpreting government codes, and developing procedures to meet codes (e.g. concerning safety and security);
(g) monitoring children’s progress and conferring with parents or guardians;
(h) preparing and maintaining records and accounts for a child care center;
(i) recruiting and evaluating staff and coordinating their professional development.

Examples: Child care center manager

5413Healthcare Services Managers

Health services managers plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the provision of clinical and community health care services in hospitals, clinics, public health agencies and similar organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) providing overall direction and management for the service, facility, organization or center;
(b) directing, supervising and evaluating the work activities of medical, nursing, technical, clerical, service, maintenance and other personnel;
(c) establishing objectives and evaluative or operational criteria for units they manage;
(d) directing or conducting recruitment, hiring and training of personnel;
(e) developing, implementing and monitoring procedures, policies and performance standards for medical, nursing, technical and administrative staff;
(f) monitoring the use of diagnostic services, inpatient beds, facilities and staff to ensure effective use of resources, and assess the need for additional staff, equipment and services;
(g) controlling administrative operations such as budget planning, report preparation,sand expenditure on supplies, equipment and services;
(h) liaising with other health and welfare service providers, boards and funding bodies to coordinate the provision of services;
(i) advising government bodies about measures to improve health and welfare services and facilities;
(j) representing the organization in negotiations, and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums.

Examples: Chief public health officer, Clinical director, Community health care coordinator, Director of nursing, Health facility administrator, Hospital matron, Medical administrator

5414Social Welfare Services Managers

Social welfare managers plan, direct and coordinate the provision of social and community service programs such as income support, family assistance, children’s services and other community programs and services.

Tasks include:
(a) providing overall direction and management for a service, facility, organization or center;
(b) developing, implementing and monitoring procedures, policies and standards for staff;
(c) monitoring and evaluating resources devoted to the provision of welfare, housing and other social services;
(d) controlling administrative operations such as budget planning, report preparation, and expenditure on supplies, equipment and services;
(e) liaising with other welfare and health services providers, boards and funding bodies to discuss areas of health and welfare service cooperation and coordination;
(f) advising government bodies about measures to improve welfare services and facilities;
(g) representing the organization in negotiations, and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums;
(h) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(i) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
(j) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff.

Examples: Community center manager, Family services manager, Housing services manager, Welfare center manager

55Managers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

551Managers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

5511Hotel Managers

Hotel managers plan, organize and direct the operations of hotels, motels and similar establishments to provide guest accommodation and other services.

Tasks include:
(a) directing and overseeing reservation, reception, room service and housekeeping activities;
(b) supervising security arrangements and garden and property maintenance;
(c) planning and supervising bar, restaurant, function and conference activities;
(d) observing liquor, gaming and other laws and regulations;
(e) assessing and reviewing customer satisfaction;
(f) overseeing accounting and purchasing activities;
(g) undertaking budgeting for the establishment;
(h) controlling selection, training and supervision of staff;
(i) ensuring compliance with occupational health and safety regulations;
(j) providing guests with local tourism information, and arranging tours and transportation.

Examples: Hotel manager, Motel manager, Youth hostel manager

5512Restaurant Managers

Restaurant managers plan, organize and direct the operations of cafés, restaurants and related establishments to provide dining and catering services.

Tasks include:
(a) planning menus in consultation with chefs and cooks;
(b) planning and organizing special functions;
(c) arranging the purchasing and pricing of goods according to budget;
(d) maintaining records of stock levels and financial transactions;
(e) ensuring that dining, kitchen and food storage facilities comply with health regulations and are clean, functional and of suitable appearance;
(f) conferring with customers to assess their satisfaction with meals and service;
(g) selecting staff, setting staff work schedules, and training and supervising waiting and kitchen staff;
(h) taking reservations, greeting guests and assisting in taking orders;
(i) negotiating arrangements with clients and suppliers;
(j) ensuring compliance with occupational health and safety regulations.

Examples: Café manager, Catering manager, Restaurant manager

5513Catering Managers

56Managers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

561Managers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

5611ICT Services Managers

Information and Communication Technologies services managers plan, direct and coordinate the acquisition, development, maintenance and use of computer and telecommunication systems, either as the manager of a department or as the general manager of an enterprise or organization that does not have a hierarchy of managers.

Tasks include:
(a) consulting with users, management, vendors and technicians to assess computing needs and system requirements, and specifying technology to meet those needs;
(b) formulating and directing information and communication technology (ICT) strategies, policies and plans;
(c) directing the selection and installation of ICT resources and the provision of user training;
(d) directing ICT operations, analysing workflow, establishing priorities, developing standards and setting deadlines;
(e) overseeing the security of ICT systems;
(f) assigning, reviewing, managing and leading the work of systems analysts, programmers and other computer-related workers;
(g) evaluating the organization’s technology use and needs and recommending improvements such as hardware and software upgrades;
(h) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(i) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
(j) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff;
(k) representing the enterprise or organization at ICT-related conventions, seminars and conferences.

Examples: Application development manager, Chief information officer, Data operations manager, Data processing manager, ICT development manager, Information systems director, Information technology manager (IT manager), Internet service provider, Network manager

57Managers in Production and Related Trades

571Managers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

5711Agricultural and Forestry Production Managers

Agricultural and forestry production managers plan, direct and coordinate production in large-scale agricultural, horticultural and forestry operations such as plantations, large ranches, collective farms and agricultural cooperatives to grow and harvest crops, and breed and raise livestock.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring agricultural and forestry market activity and planning production to meet contract requirements and market demand;
(b) establishing and managing budgets, monitoring production output and costs, recording information such as farm management practices, and preparing financial and operational reports;
(c) conferring with buyers to arrange for the sale of crops and livestock;
(d) contracting with farmers or independent owners for production of crops and livestock, or for management of production;
(e) planning the type, intensity and sequence of farm operations (e.g. determining the best times for planting, spraying and harvesting);
(f) analysing soil to determine types and quantities of fertilizer required for maximum production;
(g) purchasing machinery, equipment and supplies such as tractors, seed, fertilizer and chemicals;
(h) identifying and controlling agricultural and forest environmental toxins, weeds, pests and diseases;
(i) organizing farming operations such as maintaining buildings, water supply systems and equipment;
(j) directing and coordinating activities such as planting, irrigation, chemical application, harvesting and grading;
(k) inspecting plantations and fields to determine maturity dates of crops, or to estimate potential crop damage from weather;
(l) overseeing the selection, training and performance of agricultural and forestry workers and contractors.

Examples: Forestry manager, Plantation manager, Ranch manager

5712Aquacultural and Fishery Production Managers

Aquaculture and fisheries production managers plan, direct and coordinate production in large-scale aquaculture and fishery operations to catch and harvest fish and shellfish, and to grow fish, shellfish or other forms of aquatic life as cash crops or for release into freshwater or saltwater.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring aquaculture and fishery market activity and planning production and fishing activities to meet contract requirements and market demand;
(b) establishing and managing budgets, monitoring production output and costs, recording information such as fisheries management practices, and preparing financial and operational reports;
(c) conferring with buyers to arrange for the sale of produce and catches;
(d) contracting with fishing skippers or owners of vessels and aquaculture farms for fishing and aquaculture operations, or for management of production;
(e) conducting and organizing aquaculture or fishery stock examinations in order to identify diseases or parasites;
(f) devising and coordinating activities to improve fish hatching and growth rates, and to prevent disease in hatcheries;
(g) monitoring environments to maintain or improve conditions for aquatic life;
(h) directing and monitoring trapping and spawning of fish, egg incubation and fry rearing, applying knowledge of management and fish culturing techniques;
(i) coordinating the selection and maintenance of brood stock;
(j) directing and monitoring the transfer of mature fish to lakes, ponds, streams or commercial tanks;
(k) purchasing machinery, equipment and supplies such as vessels and nets;
(l) organizing operations such as maintenance of ships, boats and equipment;
(m) overseeing the selection, training and performance of aquaculture or fishery workers and contractors.

Examples: Aquaculture production manager, Fishing operations manager, Shore captain (fishing), Trawler manager

572Managers in Construction and Related

5721Construction Managers

Construction managers plan, direct and coordinate the construction of civil engineering projects, buildings and dwellings, either as the manager of a department or as the general manager of an enterprise or organization that does not have a hierarchy of managers.

Tasks include:
(a) interpreting architectural drawings and specifications;
(b) coordinating labor resources and procurement and delivery of materials, plant and equipment;
(c) negotiating with building owners, property developers and subcontractors involved in the construction process to ensure projects are completed on time and within budget;
(d) preparing tenders and contract bids;
(e) operating and implementing coordinated work programs for sites;
(f) ensuring adherence to building legislation and standards of performance, quality, cost and safety;
(g) arranging submission of plans to local authorities;
(h) building under contract, or subcontracting specialized building services;
(i) arranging building inspections by relevant authorities;
(j) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(k) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff and subcontractors.

Examples: Civil engineering project manager, Construction project manager, Project builder

573Managers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

5731Mining Managers

Mining managers plan, direct and coordinate the production activities of mining, quarrying and oil and gas extraction operations, either as the manager of a department or as the general manager of an enterprise or organization that does not have a hierarchy of managers.

Tasks include:
(a) conferring with other managers to set production quotas, plan extraction sites and develop policies for the removal of raw materials;
(b) evaluating efficiency of production sites to determine adequacy of personnel, equipment and technologies used, and make changes to work schedules or equipment when necessary;
(c) planning details of production activities in terms of output quality and quantity, cost, time available and labor requirements;
(d) controlling the operation of plant and quality procedures through planning of maintenance, designation of operating hours and supply of equipment;
(e) establishing and managing budgets, monitoring production output and costs, and adjusting processes and resources to minimize costs;
(f) overseeing the acquisition and installation of new plant and equipment;
(g) controlling the preparation of production records and reports;
(h) coordinating the implementation of health and safety requirements;
(i) researching and implementing regulatory and statutory requirements affecting mineral extraction operations and the environment;
(j) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff.

Examples: Mine manager, Production manager (mine), Production manager (oil and gas extraction), Production manager (quarry), Quarry manager

574Managers in Manufacturing and Related

5741Manufacturing Managers

Manufacturing managers plan, direct and coordinate activities concerned with the production of goods, the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water, and the collection, treatment and disposal of waste. They may manage the production departments of large enterprises or be the managers of small manufacturing companies.

Tasks include:
(a) determining, implementing and monitoring production strategies, policies and plans;
(b) planning details of production activities in terms of output quality and quantity, cost, time available and labor requirements;
(c) controlling the operation of production plant and quality procedures through planning of maintenance, designation of operating hours and supply of parts and tools;
(d) establishing and managing budgets, monitoring production output and costs, and adjusting processes and resources to minimize costs;
(e) consulting with and informing other managers about production matters;
(f) overseeing the acquisition and installation of new plant and equipment;
(g) controlling the preparation of production records and reports;
(h) coordinating the implementation of occupational health and safety requirements;
(i) identifying business opportunities and determining products to be manufactured;
(j) researching and implementing regulatory and statutory requirements affecting manufacturing operations and the environment;
(k) overseeing the provision of quotations for the manufacture of specialized goods and establishing contracts with customers and suppliers;
(l) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff.

Examples: Manufacturer, Manufacturing manager, Production and operations manager (manufacturing)

575Managers in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

5751Distribution, Supply, and Related Managers

Supply, distribution and related managers plan, direct and coordinate passenger transportation systems and facilities and the supply, transportation, storage and distribution of goods, either as the manager of a department or as the general manager of an enterprise or organization that does not have a hierarchy of managers.

Tasks include:
(a) determining, implementing and monitoring purchasing, storage and distribution strategies, policies and plans;
(b) preparing and implementing plans to maintain required stock levels at minimum cost;
(c) negotiating contracts with suppliers to meet quality, cost and delivery requirements;
(d) monitoring and reviewing storage and inventory systems to meet supply requirements, and control stock levels;
(e) overseeing the dispatch of road vehicles, trains, vessels or aircraft;
(f) operating recording systems to track all movements of goods, and ensuring reordering and restocking at optimal times;
(g) liaising with other departments and customers concerning requirements for outward goods and associated forwarding transportation;
(h) overseeing the recording of purchase, storage and distribution transactions;
(i) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(j) establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures;
(k) planning and directing daily operations;
(l) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff.

Examples: Bus station manager, Logistics manager, Purchasing manager, Railway station manager, Railway station master, Supply and distribution manager, Supply chain manager, Transport company manager, Urban transit system manager, Warehouse manager

58Managers in Sales and Services

581Managers in Sales and Services

5811Wholesale and Retail Trade Managers

Retail and wholesale trade managers, plan, organize, coordinate and control the operations of establishments that sell goods on a retail or wholesale basis. They are responsible for the budgets, staffing and strategic and operational direction of shops, or of organizational units within shops that sell particular types of product.

Tasks include:
(a) determining product mix, stock levels and service standards;
(b) formulating and implementing purchasing and marketing policies, and setting prices;
(c) promoting and advertising the establishment’s goods and services;
(d) maintaining records of stock levels and financial transactions;
(e) undertaking budgeting for the establishment;
(f) controlling selection, training and supervision of staff;
(g) ensuring compliance with occupational health and safety regulations.

Examples: Grocery manager, Retail manager, Shop manager, Supermarket manager

59Managers in Other Fields

599Managers in Other Fields — Other

599NManagers in Other Fields, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers managers who plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the provision of specialized professional and technical services. For instance, managers responsible for the provision of policing, correctional, library, legal and fire services are classified here.

Tasks include:
(a) providing overall direction and management for a service, facility, organization or center;
(b) developing, implementing and monitoring procedures, policies and standards for staff;
(c) directing, supervising and evaluating the work activities of professional, technical, clerical, service, maintenance and other personnel;
(d) monitoring and evaluating resources devoted to the provision of services;
(e) controlling administrative operations such as budget planning, report preparation, and expenditure on supplies, equipment and services;
(f) planning, directing and coordinating the provision of services;
(g) coordinating cooperation with other service provision agencies in the same or related fields;
(h) managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(i) overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff.

Examples: Archives manager, Art gallery manager, Correctional services manager, Legal service manager, Library manager, Museum manager, Police superintendent, Prison governor This class covers managers that plan, direct and coordinate the provision of services. For instance, managers of travel agencies, conference centers, contact centers and shopping centers are classified here.

Examples: Camp site manager, Caravan park manager, Conference center manager, Contact center manager, Shopping center manager, Travel agency manager

40Professionals in Business and Public Administration

401Professionals in Accounting, Finance, and Related

4011Accountants and Auditors

Accountants plan, organize and administer accounting systems for individuals and establishments. Some occupations classified here examine and analyse the accounting and financial records of individuals and establishments to ensure accuracy and compliance with established accounting standards and procedures.

Tasks include:
(a) advising on, planning and installing budgetary, accounts controlling and other accounting policies and systems;
(b) preparing and certifying financial statements for presentation to management, shareholders and statutory or other bodies;
(c) preparing tax returns, advising on taxation problems and contesting disputed claims before tax officials;
(d) preparing or reporting on profit forecasts and budgets;
(e) conducting financial investigations in such matters as suspected fraud, insolvency and bankruptcy;
(f) auditing accounts and bookkeeping records;
(g) conducting investigations and advising management on financial aspects of productivity, stockholdings, sales, new products, etc.;
(h) devising and controlling systems to determine unit cost of products and services.

Examples: Accountant, Auditor, Certified accountant, Chartered accountant, Financial controller, Insolvency trustee, Management accountant, Tax accountant

4012Financial and Investment Advisers

Financial and investment advisers develop financial plans for individuals and organizations, and invest and manage funds on their behalf.

Tasks include:
(a) building and maintaining a client base;
(b) interviewing clients to determine financial status and objectives, risk tolerance and other information needed to develop financial plans and investment strategies;
(c) setting financial objectives, and developing and implementing strategies for achieving them;
(d) arranging to buy and sell stocks and bonds for clients;
(e) monitoring investment performance, and reviewing and revising investment plans based on modified needs and changes in markets;
(f) recommending and arranging insurance cover for clients.

Examples: Estate planner, Financial planner, Investment adviser

4013Financial and Investment Analysts

Financial analysts conduct quantitative analyses of information affecting investment programs of public or private institutions.

Tasks include:
(a) analysing financial information to produce forecasts of business, industry and economic conditions for use in making investment decisions;
(b) maintaining knowledge and staying abreast of developments in the fields of industrial technology, business, finance and economic theory;
(c) interpreting data affecting investment programs such as price, yield, stability, future trends in investment risks and economic influences;
(d) monitoring economic, industrial and corporate developments through analysis of information obtained from financial publications and services, investment banking firms, government agencies, trade publications, company sources and personal interviews;
(e) recommending investments and investment timing to companies, investment firm staff or the investing public;
(f) determining the prices at which securities should be syndicated and offered to the public;
(g) preparing plans of action for investment based on financial analyses;
(h) evaluating and comparing the relative quality of various securities in a given industry;
(i) presenting oral and written reports on general economic trends, individual corporations and entire industries.

Examples: Bond analyst, Investment analyst, Securities consultant

402Professionals in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

4021Advertising and Marketing Professionals

Advertising and marketing professionals develop and coordinate advertising strategies and campaigns, determine the market for new goods and services, and identify and develop market opportunities for new and existing goods and services.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, developing and organizing advertising policies and campaigns to support sales objectives;
(b) advising managers and clients on strategies and campaigns to reach target markets, creating consumer awareness and effectively promoting the attributes of goods and services;
(c) writing advertising copy and media scripts, and arranging television and film production and media placement;
(d) collecting and analysing data regarding consumer patterns and preferences;
(e) interpreting and predicting current and future consumer trends;
(f) researching potential demand and market characteristics for new goods and services;
(g) supporting business growth and development through the preparation and execution of marketing objectives, policies and programs;
(h) commissioning and undertaking market research to identify market opportunities for new and existing goods and services;
(i) advising on all elements of marketing such as product mix, pricing, advertising and sales promotion, selling and distribution channels.

Examples: Advertising specialist, Marketing specialist, Market research analyst

4022Public Relations (PR) Professionals

Public relations professionals plan, develop, implement and evaluate information and communication strategies that create an understanding and a favourable view of businesses and other organizations, their goods and services, and their role in the community.

Tasks include:
(a) planning and organizing publicity campaigns and communication strategies;
(b) advising executives on the public relations implications of their policies, programs and practices, and preparing and controlling the issue of news and press releases;
(c) undertaking and commissioning public opinion research, analysing the findings and planning public relations and promotional campaigns;
(d) organizing special events, seminars, entertainment, competitions and social functions to promote goodwill and favourable publicity;
(e) representing organizations and arranging interviews with publicity media;
(f) attending business, social and other functions to promote the organization;
(g) commissioning and obtaining photographs and other illustrative material;
(h) selecting, appraising and revising material submitted by publicity writers, photographers, illustrators and others to create favourable publicity.

Examples: Publicity agent, Public relations copy writer, Public relations officer, Press liaison officer

4023Sales Professionals, ICT

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sales professionals sell, at the wholesale level, a range of computer hardware, software and other Information and Communication Technologies goods and services including installations, and provide specialized information as required.

Tasks include:
(a) soliciting orders and selling goods to retail, industrial, wholesale and other establishments;
(b) selling technical equipment, supplies and related services to business establishments or individuals;
(c) discussing the needs of new and existing customers and providing specialized information about how particular equipment, supplies and services meet those needs;
(d) quoting and negotiating prices and credit terms, and completing contracts and recording orders;
(e) updating customer records and preparing sales reports;
(f) arranging delivery of goods, installation of equipment and the provision of services;
(g) reporting customers’ reactions and requirements to manufacturers.

Examples: Sales representative (computers), Sales representative (communications technology)

4024Sales Professionals, Non-ICT

Technical and medical sales professionals (excluding ICT) represent companies in selling a range of industrial, medical and pharmaceutical goods and services to industrial, business, professional and other establishments.

Tasks include:
(a) compiling lists of prospective client businesses by using directories and other sources;
(b) acquiring and updating knowledge of employers’ and competitors’ goods and services, and of market conditions;
(c) visiting regular and prospective client businesses to establish and act on selling opportunities;
(d) assessing clients’ needs and resources and recommending appropriate goods or services;
(e) providing input to product design where goods or services must be tailored to suit clients’ needs;
(f) developing reports and proposals as part of sales presentations to demonstrate benefits from the use of goods or services;
(g) estimating costs of installing and maintaining equipment or service;
(h) monitoring customers’ changing needs and competitor activity, and reporting these developments to sales management;
(i) quoting and negotiating prices and credit terms, and preparing and administering sales contracts;
(j) arranging delivery of goods, installation of equipment and the provision of services;
(k) reporting to sales management on sales made and the marketability of goods and services;
(l) consulting with clients after sale to ensure a satisfactory resolution of any problems, and provide ongoing support.

Examples: Sales representative (industrial products), Sales representative (medical and pharmaceutical products), Technical sales representative

403Professionals in Law and Related

4031Judges and Related

Judges preside over civil and criminal proceedings in courts of law.

Tasks include:
(a) presiding over trials and hearings;
(b) interpreting and enforcing rules of procedure and making rulings regarding the admissibility of evidence;
(c) determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved, and in cases tried by jury;
(d) instructing the jury on points of law that are applicable to the case;
(e) weighing and considering evidence in non-jury trials and deciding legal guilt or innocence or degree of liability of the accused or defendant;
(f) passing sentence on persons convicted in criminal cases, determining damages or other appropriate remedy in civil cases and issuing court orders;
(g) researching legal issues and writing opinions on the issues.

Examples: Chief justice, Judge, Magistrate

4032Lawyers and Related

Lawyers give clients legal advice on a wide variety of subjects, draw up legal documents, represent clients before administrative boards or tribunals and plead cases or conduct prosecutions in courts of justice, or instruct barristers to plead in higher courts of justice.

Tasks include:
(a) giving clients legal advice on a wide variety of subjects and undertaking legal business on clients’ behalf;
(b) researching legal principles, statutes and previous court decisions related to specific cases;
(c) gathering evidence to formulate a defence or to initiate legal actions, by such means as interviewing clients and witnesses to ascertain the facts of a case;
(d) evaluating findings and developing strategies and arguments in preparation for presentation of cases;
(e) pleading clients’ cases before courts of law, tribunals and administrative boards or instructing barristers to plead in higher courts of justice;
(f) accepting briefs and pleading in the higher court;
(g) acting as prosecutor on behalf of the government;
(h) negotiating settlements in matters which involve legal disputes;
(i) drafting legislation and preparing government regulations based on existing laws;
(j) drawing up legal documents such as contracts, real estate transactions and wills and preparing statements of legal opinions.

Examples: Attorney, Barrister, Lawyer, Prosecutor, Solicitor

403NProfessionals in Law and Related, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers legal professionals not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 261: Legal Professionals. For instance, the group includes those who perform legal functions other than pleading or prosecuting cases or presiding over judicial proceedings.

Tasks include:
(a) giving advice on legal aspects of various personal, business and administrative problems;
(b) drawing up legal documents and contracts;
(c) arranging property transfers;
(d) determining, by inquest, the causes of any death not obviously due to natural causes.

Examples: Coroner, Jurist (except lawyer or judge), Notary

404Professionals in Other Business Services

4041Management and Organization Analysts

Management and organization analysts assist organizations to achieve greater efficiency and solve organizational problems. They study organizational structures, methods, systems and procedures.

Tasks include:
(a) assisting and encouraging the development of objectives, strategies and plans aimed at achieving customer satisfaction and the efficient use of organizations’ resources;
(b) analysing and evaluating current systems and structures;
(c) discussing current systems with staff and observing systems at all levels of organization;
(d) directing clients towards more efficient organization and developing solutions to organizational problems;
(e) undertaking and reviewing work studies by analysing existing and proposed methods and procedures such as administrative and clerical procedures;
(f) recording and analysing organizations’ workflow charts, records, reports, manuals and job descriptions;
(g) preparing and recommending proposals to revise methods and procedures, alter work flows, redefine job functions and resolve organizational problems;
(h) assisting in implementing approved recommendations, issuing revised instructions and procedure manuals and drafting other documentation;
(i) reviewing operating procedures and advising of departures from procedures and standards.

Examples: Business consultant, Management consultant, Organization and methods analyst

4042Personnel and Careers Professionals

Personnel and careers professionals provide professional business services related to personnel policies such as employee recruitment or development, occupational analysis and vocational guidance.

Tasks include:
(a) advising on and performing personnel functions relating to employee recruitment, placement, training, promotion, compensation and employee–management relations or other areas of personnel policy;
(b) studying and analysing jobs performed in an establishment by various means, including interviews with workers, supervisors and management, and writing detailed position, job or occupation descriptions from information obtained;
(c) preparing occupational information or working on occupational classification systems;
(d) advising and working on the foregoing and other aspects of job and occupational analysis in such fields as personnel administration, workforce research and planning, training or occupational information and vocational guidance;
(e) studying and advising individuals on employment opportunities, career choices and further education or training that may be desirable.

Examples: Careers adviser, Human resource expert, Job analyst, Outplacement expert, Occupational analyst, Personnel specialist, Recruitment officer, Vocational guidance counsellor

4043Policy Administration Professionals

Policy administration professionals develop and analyse policies guiding the design, implementation and modification of government and commercial operations and programs.

Tasks include:
(a) liaising and consulting with program administrators and other interested parties to identify policy needs;
(b) reviewing existing policies and legislation to identify anomalies and out-of-date provisions;
(c) researching social, economic and industrial trends, and client expectations of programs and services provided;
(d) formulating and analysing policy options, preparing briefing papers and recommendations for policy changes and advising on preferred options;
(e) assessing impacts, financial implications, interactions with other programs and political and administrative feasibility of policies;
(f) conducting threat and risk assessments and developing responses;
(g) reviewing operations and programs to ensure consistency with policies of the organization.

Examples: Intelligence officer, Policy analyst, Political adviser

4044Training and Development Professionals

Training and staff development professionals plan, develop, implement and evaluate training and development programs to ensure management and staff acquire the skills and develop the competencies required by organizations to meet organizational objectives.

Tasks include:
(a) identifying training needs and requirements of individuals and organizations;
(b) setting human resource development objectives and evaluating learning outcomes;
(c) preparing and developing instructional training material and aids such as handbooks, visual aids, online tutorials, demonstration models and supporting training reference documentation;
(d) designing, coordinating, scheduling and conducting training and development programs that can be delivered in the form of individual and group instruction, and facilitating workshops, meetings, demonstrations and conferences;
(e) liaising with external training providers to arrange delivery of specific training and development programs;
(f) promoting internal and external training and development, and evaluating these promotional activities;
(g) monitoring and performing ongoing evaluation and assessment of internal and external training quality and effectiveness, and reviewing and modifying training objectives, methods and course deliverables;
(h) gathering, investigating and researching background materials to gain an understanding of various subject matters and systems.

Examples: Staff development officer, Training officer, Workforce development specialist

41Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

411Professionals in Architecture and Related

4111Architects, Building Architecture

Building architects design commercial, industrial, institutional, residential and recreational buildings and plan and monitor their construction, maintenance and rehabilitation.

Tasks include:
(a) developing new or improved architectural theories and methods;
(b) inspecting sites and consulting clients, management and other stakeholders to determine type, style and size of proposed buildings and alterations to existing buildings;
(c) providing information regarding designs, materials and estimated building times;
(d) preparing project documentation, including sketches and scale drawings, and integrating structural, mechanical and aesthetic elements in final designs;
(e) writing specifications and contract documents for use by builders and calling tenders on behalf of clients;
(f) making necessary contacts to ensure feasibility of projects regarding style, cost, timing and compliance with regulations;
(g) identifying and finding best solutions for problems regarding function and quality of interior environments of buildings and making necessary designs, drawings and plans;
(h) monitoring construction or rehabilitation work to ensure compliance with specifications and quality standards;
(i) maintaining technical liaison and consultancy with other relevant specialists.

Examples: Building architect, Interior architect

4112Architects, Landscape Architecture

Landscape architects plan and design landscapes and open spaces for projects such as parks, schools, institutions, roads, external areas for commercial, industrial and residential sites, and plan and monitor their construction, maintenance and rehabilitation.

Tasks include:
(a) developing new or improved theories and methods and providing advice on policy related to landscape architecture;
(b) inspecting sites and consulting clients, management and other stakeholders to determine type, style and size of proposed buildings, parks, roads and other open spaces;
(c) compiling and analysing site and community data about geographical and ecological features, landforms, soils, vegetation, site hydrology, visual characteristics and human-made structures, to formulate land use and development recommendations, feasibility studies and environmental impact statements;
(d) preparing reports, strategic plans, site plans, working drawings, specifications and cost estimates for land development, showing location and details of proposals, including ground modelling, structures, vegetation and access;
(e) writing specifications and contract documents for use by builders and civil engineering contractors and calling tenders on behalf of clients;
(f) making necessary contacts to ensure feasibility of projects regarding style, cost, timing and compliance with regulations;
(g) identifying and finding best solutions for problems regarding function and quality of exterior environments and making necessary designs, drawings and plans;
(h) monitoring construction or rehabilitation work to ensure compliance with specifications and quality standards;
(i) maintaining technical liaison and consultancy with other relevant specialists.

Examples: Landscape architect

4113Cartographers, Surveyors, and Related

Cartographers and surveyors determine the exact position of, or prepare and revise digital, graphic and pictorial maps, charts or other visual representation of, natural and constructed features and boundaries of land, seas, underground areas and celestial bodies, applying scientific and mathematical principles.

Tasks include:
(a) surveying, measuring and describing land surfaces, mines, underground surfaces, sea, river and lake beds;
(b) noting exact position of various features and recording survey data in digital form;
(c) making charts and maps to be used in determining navigable waters and channels and in planning construction of marine structures;
(d) planning and conducting aerial photographic surveys;
(e) designing, compiling and revising maps and charts using aerial and other photographs, satellite imagery, survey documents and data, existing maps and records, reports and statistics;
(f) undertaking research and development of surveying and photogrammetric measurement systems, cadastral systems and land information systems;
(g) studying and advising on technical, aesthetic and economic aspects of map production;
(h) maintaining technical liaison and consultancy with other relevant specialists.

Examples: Aerial surveyor, Cadastral surveyor, Cartographer, Hydrographic surveyor, Land surveyor, Mine surveyor, Photogrammetrist

4114Planners, Traffic and Urban Planning

Town and traffic planners develop and implement plans and policies for the controlled use of urban and rural land and for traffic systems. They conduct research and provide advice on economic, environmental and social factors affecting land use and traffic flows.

Tasks include:
(a) planning layout and coordinating development of urban areas;
(b) compiling and analysing data on economic, legal, political, cultural, demographic, sociological, physical and environmental factors affecting land use;
(c) conferring with government authorities, communities and specialists in fields such as architecture, planning, social science, the environment and the law;
(d) devising and recommending use and development of land, and presenting narrative and graphic plans, programs and designs to groups and individuals;
(e) advising governments, companies and communities on urban and regional planning issues and proposals;
(f) reviewing and evaluating environmental impact reports;
(g) planning and coordinating the development of land areas for parks, schools, institutions, airports, roadways and related projects, and for commercial, industrial and residential sites;
(h) planning and advising on routing and control of road traffic and public transportation systems for efficiency and safety.

Examples: Land planner, Traffic planner, Urban planner

412Professionals in Design and Related

4121Designers, Fashion and Industrial Design

Product and garment designers design and develop products for manufacture and prepare designs and specifications of products for mass, batch and one-off production.

Tasks include:
(a) determining the objectives and constraints of the design brief by consulting with clients and stakeholders;
(b) formulating design concepts for clothing, textiles, industrial, commercial and consumer products, and jewelry;
(c) harmonizing aesthetic considerations with technical, functional, ecological and production requirements;
(d) preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations, plans, samples and models to communicate design concepts;
(e) negotiating design solutions with clients, management, and sales and manufacturing staff;
(f) selecting, specifying and recommending functional and aesthetic materials, production methods and finishes for manufacture;
(g) detailing and documenting the selected design for production;
(h) preparing and commissioning prototypes and samples;
(i) supervising the preparation of patterns, programs and tooling, and of the manufacturing process.

Examples: Costume designer, Fashion designer, Industrial designer, Jewelry designer

4122Designers, Graphic and Multimedia Design

Graphic and multimedia designers design visual and audiovisual content for the communication of information using print, film, electronic, digital and other forms of visual and audio media. They create graphics, special effects, animation or other visual images for use in computer games, movies, music videos, print media and advertisements.

Tasks include:
(a) determining the objectives and constraints of the design brief by consulting with clients and stakeholders;
(b) undertaking research and analysing functional communication requirements;
(c) formulating design concepts for the subject to be communicated;
(d) preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations and layouts to communicate design concepts;
(e) designing complex graphics and animation to satisfy functional, aesthetic and creative requirements of the design brief;
(f) creating two-dimensional and three-dimensional images depicting objects in motion or illustrating a process, using computer animation or modelling programs;
(g) negotiating design solutions with clients, management, sales and production staff;
(h) selecting, specifying or recommending functional and aesthetic materials and media for publication, delivery or display;
(i) detailing and documenting the selected design for production;
(j) supervising or carrying out production in the chosen media.

Examples: Animator, Commercial artist, Computer games designer, Digital artist, Graphic designer, Illustrator, Multimedia designer, Publication designer, Website designer

413Professionals in Engineering and Related

4131Engineers, Chemical Engineering

Chemical engineers conduct research and develop, advise on and direct commercial-scale chemical processes and production of various substances and items such as crude oil, petroleum derivatives, food and drink products, medicines, or synthetic materials. They direct maintenance and repair of chemical plant and equipment and study and advise on chemical aspects of particular materials, products or processes.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting research and advising on, and developing, commercial-scale chemical processes to refine crude oil and other liquids or gases, and to produce substances and items such as petroleum derivatives, explosives, food and drink products, medicines, or synthetic materials;
(b) specifying chemical production methods, materials and quality standards and ensuring that they conform to specifications;
(c) establishing control standards and procedures to ensure safety and efficiency of chemical production operations and safety of workers’ operating equipment or of those working in close proximity to ongoing chemical reactions;
(d) designing chemical plant equipment and devising processes for manufacturing chemicals and products;
(e) performing tests throughout stages of production to determine degree of control over variables, including temperature, density, specific gravity, and pressure;
(f) developing safety procedures to be employed;
(g) preparing estimates of production costs and production progress reports for management;
(h) performing laboratory studies of steps in the manufacture of new products and testing proposed processes in small-scale operations such as a pilot plant.

Examples: Chemical engineer, Fuel technologist, Plastics technologist, Refinery process engineer

4132Engineers, Civil Engineering

Civil engineers conduct research, advise on, design, and direct construction; manage the operation and maintenance of civil engineering structures; or study and advise on technological aspects of particular materials.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting research and developing new or improved theories and methods related to civil engineering;
(b) advising on and designing structures such as bridges, dams, docks, roads, airports, railways, canals, pipelines, waste-disposal and flood-control systems, and industrial and other large buildings;
(c) determining and specifying construction methods, materials and quality standards, and directing construction work;
(d) establishing control systems to ensure efficient functioning of structures as well as safety and environmental protection;
(e) organizing and directing maintenance and repair of existing civil engineering structures;
(f) analysing the behaviour of soil and rock when placed under pressure by proposed structures and designing structural foundations;
(g) analysing the stability of structures and testing the behaviour and durability of materials used in their construction.

Examples: Civil engineer, Geotechnical engineer, Structural engineer

4133Engineers, Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineers conduct research and advise on, design and direct the construction and operation of electrical systems, components, motors and equipment, and advise on and direct their functioning, maintenance and repair, or study and advise on technological aspects of electrical engineering materials, products and processes.

Tasks include:
(a) advising on and designing power stations and systems which generate, transmit and distribute electrical power;
(b) supervising, controlling and monitoring the operation of electrical generation, transmission and distribution systems;
(c) advising on and designing systems for electrical motors, electrical traction and other equipment, or electrical domestic appliances;
(d) specifying electrical installation and application in industrial and other buildings and objects;
(e) establishing control standards and procedures to monitor performance and safety of electrical generating and distribution systems, motors and equipment;
(f) determining manufacturing methods for electrical systems, as well as maintenance and repair of existing electrical systems, motors and equipment.

Examples: Electrical engineer, Electric power generation engineer, Electromechanical engineer

4134Engineers, Electronics Engineering

Electronics engineers conduct research on, design, and direct the construction functioning, maintenance and repair of electronic systems, and study and advise on technological aspects of electronic engineering materials, products or processes.

Tasks include:
(a) advising on and designing electronic devices or components, circuits, semi-conductors, and systems;
(b) specifying production or installation methods, materials and quality standards, and directing production or installation work of electronic products and systems;
(c) establishing control standards and procedures to ensure efficient functioning and safety of electronic systems, motors and equipment;
(d) organizing and directing maintenance and repair of existing electronic systems and equipment;
(e) designing electronic circuits and components for use in fields such as aerospace guidance and propulsion control, acoustics, or instruments and controls;
(f) researching and advising on radar, telemetry and remote control systems, microwaves and other electronic equipment;
(g) designing and developing signal processing algorithms and implementing these through appropriate choice of hardware and software;
(h) developing apparatus and procedures to test electronic components, circuits and systems.

Examples: Computer hardware engineer, Electronics engineer, Instrumentation engineer

4135Engineers, Environmental Engineering

Environmental engineers conduct research, advise on, design and direct implementation of solutions to prevent, control or remedy negative impacts of human activity on the environment utilizing a variety of engineering disciplines. They conduct environmental assessments of construction and civil engineering projects and apply engineering principles to pollution control, recycling and waste disposal.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting research, assessing and reporting on the environmental impact of existing and proposed construction, civil engineering and other activities;
(b) inspecting industrial and municipal facilities and programs to evaluate operational effectiveness and ensure compliance with environmental regulations;
(c) designing and overseeing the development of systems, processes and equipment for control, management, or remediation of water, air or soil quality;
(d) providing environmental engineering assistance in network analysis, regulatory analysis, and planning or reviewing database development;
(e) obtaining, updating, and maintaining plans, permits, and standard operating procedures;
(f) providing engineering and technical support for environmental remediation and litigation projects, including remediation system design and determination of regulatory applicability;
(g) monitoring progress of environmental improvement programs;
(h) advising corporations and government agencies of procedures to follow in cleaning up contaminated sites to protect people and the environment;
(i) collaborating with environmental scientists, planners, hazardous waste technicians, engineers from other disciplines, and specialists in law and business to address environmental problems.

Examples: Air pollution control engineer, Environmental analyst, Environmental engineer, Environmental remediation specialist, Wastewater process engineer

4136Engineers, Industrial and Production Engineering

Industrial and production engineers conduct research and design, organize and oversee the construction, operation and maintenance of industrial production processes and installations. They establish programs for the coordination of manufacturing activities and assess cost effectiveness and safety.

Tasks include:
(a) studying functional statements, organizational charts and project information to determine functions and responsibilities of workers and work units and to identify areas of duplication;
(b) establishing work measurement programs and analysing work samples to develop standards for labor utilization;
(c) analysing workforce utilization, facility layout, operational data and production schedules and costs to determine optimum worker and equipment efficiencies;
(d) developing specifications for manufacture, and determining materials, equipment, piping, material flows, capacities and layout of plant and systems;
(e) organizing and managing project labor and the delivery of materials, plant and equipment;
(f) establishing standards and policies for installation, modification, quality control, testing, inspection and maintenance according to engineering principles and safety regulations;
(g) inspecting plant to improve and maintain performance;
(h) directing the maintenance of plant buildings and equipment, and coordinating the requirements for new designs, surveys and maintenance schedules;
(i) advising management on new production methods, techniques and equipment;
(j) liaising with materials buying, storing and controlling departments to ensure a steady flow of supplies.

Examples: Industrial efficiency engineer, Industrial engineer, Industrial plant engineer, Production engineer

4137Engineers, Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineers conduct research; advise on, design, and direct production of machines, aircraft, ships, machinery and industrial plant, equipment and systems; advise on and direct their functioning, maintenance and repair; or study and advise on mechanical aspects of particular materials, products or processes.

Tasks include:
(a) advising on and designing machinery and tools for manufacturing, mining, construction, agricultural, and other industrial purposes;
(b) advising on and designing steam, internal combustion and other non-electric motors and engines used for propulsion of railway locomotives, road vehicles or aircraft, or for driving industrial or other machinery;
(c) advising on and designing: hulls, superstructures and propulsion systems of ships; mechanical plant and equipment for the release, control and utilization of energy; heating, ventilation and refrigeration systems, steering gear, pumps, and other mechanical equipment;
(d) advising on and designing airframes, undercarriages and other equipment for aircraft as well as suspension systems, brakes, vehicle bodies and other components of road vehicles;
(e) advising on and designing non-electrical parts of apparatus or products such as word processors, computers, precision instruments, cameras and projectors;
(f) establishing control standards and procedures to ensure efficient functioning and safety of machines, machinery, tools, motors, engines, industrial plant, equipment or systems;
(g) ensuring that equipment, operation and maintenance comply with design specifications and safety standards.

Examples: Aeronautical engineer, Engine designer, Marine architect, Marine engineer, Mechanical engineer

4138Engineers, Metallurgy, Mining, and Related

Mining engineers, metallurgists and related professionals conduct research on, design, develop and maintain commercial-scale methods of extracting metals from their ores, or minerals, water, oil or gas from the earth, and of developing new alloys, ceramic and other materials, or study and advise on mining or metallurgical aspects of particular materials, products or processes.

Tasks include:
(a) determining the location and planning the extraction of coal, metallic ores, non-metallic minerals, and building materials such as stone and gravel;
(b) determining the most suitable methods of efficient mining and extraction and types of machinery to be used, planning layout and directing construction of shafts and tunnels;
(c) determining drilling sites and devising methods of controlling the flow of water, oil or gas from wells;
(d) planning and directing storage, initial treatment and transportation of water, oil or gas;
(e) establishing safety standards and procedures and first-aid facilities, especially underground;
(f) conducting research, developing methods of extracting metals from their ores and advising on their application;
(g) investigating properties of metals and alloys, developing new alloys and advising on and supervising technical aspects of metal and alloy manufacture and processing;
(h) maintaining technical liaison and consultancy with other relevant specialists such as geologists and geophysicists;
(i) examining deposits or mines to evaluate profitability.

Examples: Extractive metallurgist, Mining engineer, Oil and gas extraction engineer

4139Engineers, Telecommunications

Telecommunications engineers conduct research and advise on, design and direct the construction, functioning, maintenance and repair of telecommunication systems and equipment. They study and advise on technological aspects of telecommunication engineering materials, products or processes.

Tasks include:
(a) advising on and designing telecommunications devices or components, systems, equipment and distribution centers;
(b) specifying production or installation methods, materials, quality and safety standards and directing production or installation work of telecommunications products and systems;
(c) organizing and directing maintenance and repair of existing telecommunication systems, motors and equipment;
(d) researching and advising on telecommunications equipment;
(e) planning and designing communications networks based on wired, fibre optical and wireless communication media;
(f) designing and developing signal processing algorithms and implementing these through appropriate choice of hardware and software;
(g) designing telecommunications networks and radio and television distribution systems, including both cable and over the air.

Examples: Broadcast engineer, Telecommunications engineer, Telecommunications engineering technologist

413NEngineers, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers engineering professionals not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes those who conduct research, advise on or develop engineering procedures and solutions concerning workplace safety, biomedical engineering, optics, materials, nuclear power generation and explosives.

Tasks include:
(a) applying knowledge of engineering to the design, development and evaluation of biological and health systems and products such as artificial organs, prostheses, and instrumentation;
(b) designing devices used in various medical procedures and imaging systems such as magnetic resonance imaging, and devices for automating insulin injections or controlling body functions;
(c) designing components of optical instruments such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes, lasers, optical disc systems and other equipment that utilize the properties of light;
(d) designing, testing, and coordinating the development of explosive ordnance material to meet military procurement specifications;
(e) designing and overseeing the construction and operation of nuclear reactors and power plants and nuclear fuels reprocessing and reclamation systems;
(f) designing and developing nuclear equipment such as reactor cores, radiation shielding and associated instrumentation and control mechanisms;
(g) assessing damage and providing calculations for marine salvage operations;
(h) studying and advising on engineering aspects of particular manufacturing processes, such as those related to glass, ceramics, textiles, leather products, wood and printing;
(i) identifying potential hazards and introducing safety procedures and devices.

Examples: Biomedical engineer, Explosive ordnance engineer, Marine salvage engineer, Materials engineer, Nuclear power generation engineer, Optical engineer, Quantity surveyor, Safety engineer, Time and motion study engineer

414Professionals in Life Sciences

4141Advisers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

Farming, forestry and fisheries advisers study and provide assistance and advice on farm, forestry and fisheries management, including cultivation, fertilization, harvesting, soil erosion and composition, disease prevention, nutrition, crop rotation and marketing. They develop techniques for increasing productivity, and study and develop plans and policies for land and fisheries management.

Tasks include:
(a) collecting and analysing data and samples related to produce, feed, soil, water quality and other factors affecting farm, forest or fishery production;
(b) advising on techniques for improving the production of crops, livestock and fish, and alternative production options;
(c) advising on livestock and crop disease, control of pests and weeds, soil improvement, animal husbandry and feeding programs;
(d) studying the environmental factors affecting commercial crop production, pasture growth, animal breeding, fish stocks and the growth and health of forest trees;
(e) studying the effects of cultivation techniques, soils, insects, diseases and fisheries practices on animal, crop, forestry and fisheries yield;
(f) studying fish migration, growth, feeding and spawning, and devising methods of collecting, fertilizing, incubating and hatching fish eggs;
(g) researching into characteristics, use capability and productivity of soils, and applying findings to development of improved agricultural, horticultural and forestry practices;
(h) developing procedures and techniques for solving agricultural problems and improving the efficiency of production;
(i) managing forest and fisheries resources to maximize their long-term commercial, recreational and environmental benefits;
(j) studying the propagation and culture of forest trees, methods for improving the growth of stock, and the effects of thinning on forest yields;
(k) investigating, planning and implementing management procedures to cope with the effects of fires, floods, droughts, soil erosion, pests and diseases;
(l) preparing scientific reports and conducting advisory information sessions and lectures for farming, forestry and fishing communities and other groups.

Examples: Agronomist, Fisheries adviser, Forestry adviser, Forestry scientist, Horticultural scientist, Silviculturist, Soil scientist

4142Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists, and Related

Biologists, botanists, zoologists and related professionals study living organisms and their interactions with each other and with the environment, and apply this knowledge to solving human health and environmental problems. They work in diverse fields such as botany, zoology, ecology, marine biology, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology, physiology, bacteriology and virology.

Tasks include:
(a) undertaking research in laboratories and in the field to increase scientific knowledge of living organisms, to discover new information, to test hypotheses, to solve problems in areas such as the environment, agriculture and health, and to develop new products, processes and techniques for pharmaceutical, agricultural and environmental use;
(b) designing and conducting experiments and tests;
(c) gathering human, animal, insect and plant specimens and data, and studying their origin, development, chemical and physical form, structure, composition, and life and reproductive processes;
(d) examining living organisms using a variety of specialized equipment, instruments, technologies and techniques such as electron microscopes, telemetry, global positioning systems, biotechnology, satellite imaging, genetic engineering, digital imaging analysis, polymerase chain reaction and computer modelling;
(e) identifying, classifying, recording and monitoring living organisms and maintaining databases;
(f) writing scientific papers and reports detailing research and any new findings which are then made available to the scientific community in scientific journals or at conferences for scrutiny and further debate;
(g) designing and carrying out environmental impact assessments to identify changes caused by natural or human factors;
(h) providing advice to governments, organizations and businesses in areas such as conservation, management of natural resources, and the effects of climate change and pollution.

Examples: Animal behaviourist, Bacteriologist, Biochemist, Biologist, Biomedical researcher, Biotechnologist, Botanist, Cell geneticist, Marine biologist, Microbiologist, Molecular biologist, Molecular geneticist, Pharmacologist, Zoologist

4143Environmental Protection Professionals

Environmental protection professionals study and assess the effects on the environment of human activity such as air, water and noise pollution, soil contamination, climate change, toxic waste and depletion and degradation of natural resources. They develop plans and solutions to protect, conserve, restore, minimize and prevent further damage to the environment.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting research, performing tests, collecting samples, performing field and laboratory analysis to identify sources of environmental problems, and recommending ways to prevent, control and remediate the impact of such problems;
(b) assessing the likely impact that potential or proposed activities, projects and developments may have on the environment, and recommending whether such developments should proceed;
(c) developing and coordinating the implementation of environmental management systems to enable organizations to identify, monitor and control the impact of their activities, products and services on the environment;
(d) conducting audits to evaluate the environmental impact of existing activities, processes, wastes, noises and substances;
(e) assessing an organization’s compliance with government and internal environmental regulations and guidelines, identifying violations and determining appropriate remedial action;
(f) providing technical advice and support services to organizations on how best to deal with environmental problems in order to reduce environmental damage and minimize financial loss;
(g) developing conservation plans.

Examples: Air pollution analyst, Conservation officer, Conservation scientist, Ecologist, Environmental adviser, Environmental auditor, Environmental consultant, Environmental research scientist, Environmental scientist, Park ranger, Water quality analyst

415Professionals in Math Sciences

4151Actuaries, Mathematicians, Statisticians, and Related

Mathematicians, actuaries and statisticians conduct research and improve or develop mathematical, actuarial and statistical concepts, theories and operational methods and techniques and advise on or engage in their practical application in such fields as engineering, business and social and other sciences.

Tasks include:
(a) studying, improving and developing mathematical, actuarial and statistical theories and techniques;
(b) advising on or applying mathematical principles, models and techniques to a wide range of tasks in the fields of engineering, natural, social or life sciences;
(c) conducting logical analyses of management problems, especially in terms of input-output effectiveness, and formulating mathematical models of each problem usually for programming and solution by computer;
(d) designing and putting into operation pension schemes and life, health, social and other types of insurance systems;
(e) applying mathematics, statistics, probability and risk theory to assess potential financial impacts of future events;
(f) planning and organizing surveys and other statistical collections, and designing questionnaires;
(g) evaluating, processing, analysing and interpreting statistical data and preparing them for publication;
(h) advising on or applying various data collection methods and statistical methods and techniques, and determining reliability of findings, especially in such fields as business or medicine as well as in other areas of natural, social or life sciences;
(i) preparing scientific papers and reports;
(j) supervising the work of mathematical, actuarial and statistical assistants and statistical clerks.

Examples: Actuary, Demographer, Mathematician, Operations research analyst, Statistician

416Professionals in Physical Sciences

4161Chemists and Related

Chemists conduct research, improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods, or apply scientific knowledge relating to chemistry, to develop new knowledge or products and for quality and process control.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting research and improving or developing concepts, instruments, theories and operational methods related to chemistry;
(b) conducting experiments, tests and analyses to investigate chemical composition and energy and chemical changes in various natural or synthetic substances, materials and products;
(c) developing procedures for environmental control, quality control and various other procedures for manufacturers or users;
(d) conducting programs of sample and data collection and analysis to identify and quantify environmental toxicants;
(e) participating in interdisciplinary research and development projects working with chemical engineers, biologists, microbiologists, agronomists, geologists or other professionals;
(f) using micro-organisms to convert substances into new compounds;
(g) determining ways to strengthen or combine materials or develop new materials.
(h) reproducing and synthesizing naturally occurring substances and creating new artificial substances;
(i) preparing scientific papers and reports.

Examples: Chemist

4162Geologists, Geophysicists, and Related

Geologists and geophysicists conduct research; improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods; or apply scientific knowledge relating to geology and geophysics in such fields as oil, gas and mineral exploration and extraction, water conservation, civil engineering, telecommunications and navigation, and assessment and mitigation of the effects of development and waste disposal projects on the environment.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting research and improving or developing concepts, theories and operational methods related to geology and geophysics;
(b) studying composition and structure of the Earth’s crust, examining rocks, minerals, fossils and other materials to determine processes affecting the development of the Earth, trace evolution of past life, establish the nature and chronology of geological formations and assess their commercial applications;
(c) interpreting research data and preparing geological reports, maps, charts and diagrams, reports and papers;
(d) applying geological knowledge to problems encountered in civil engineering projects such as the construction of dams, bridges, tunnels, and large buildings, and land reclamation projects;
(e) using various remote sensing programs to investigate and measure seismic, gravitational, electrical, thermal and magnetic forces affecting the Earth;
(f) estimating weight, size and mass of the Earth and composition and structure of its interior, and studying the nature, activity and predictability of volcanoes, glaciers and earthquakes;
(g) charting the Earth’s magnetic field and applying this and other collected data for broadcasting, navigation and other purposes;
(h) studying and measuring physical properties of seas and the atmosphere and their interrelationship, such as the exchange of thermal energy;
(i) locating and determining the nature and extent of oil, gas and mineral deposits using seismological, gravimetric, magnetic, electrical or radiometric methods;
(j) identifying deposits of construction materials and determining their characteristics and suitability for use as concrete aggregates, road fill or for other applications;
(k) researching the movement, distribution and physical properties of ground and surface waters;
(l) advising in areas such as waste management, route and site selection and the restoration of contaminated sites.

Examples: Geological oceanographer, Geologist, Geophysical oceanographer, Geophysicist, Geoscientist

4163Meteorologists and Related

Meteorologists prepare short-term or long-term weather forecasts used in aviation, shipping, agriculture and other areas and for the information of the general public. They conduct research related to the composition, structure and dynamics of the atmosphere.

Tasks include:
(a) investigating direction and speed of air movements, pressures, temperatures, humidity, physical and chemical transformation of pollutants and other phenomena such as cloud formation and precipitation, electrical disturbances or solar radiation;
(b) studying data collected from meteorological stations, radar and satellite imagery and computer model output to plot and forecast weather conditions;
(c) preparing and reporting short-term or long-term weather maps, forecasts and warnings relating to atmospheric phenomena such as cyclones, storms and other hazards to life and property, and disseminating information about atmospheric conditions through a variety of media including radio, television, print and the Internet;
(d) conducting experiments in fog dispersal, cloud seeding, rain enhancement and other types of weather modification programs;
(e) developing and testing mathematical computer models of weather and climate for experimental or operational use;
(f) participating in studies of the effect of weather on the environment;
(g) analysing the impact of industrial projects and human activity on the climate and quality of the air, and working with the social science, engineering and economic communities to develop appropriate mitigation strategies;
(h) engaging in the design and development of new equipment and procedures for meteorological data collection and remote sensing, or for related applications;
(i) conducting research on and improving or developing concepts, theories and operational methods related to the composition, structure and dynamics of the atmosphere, and preparing scientific papers and reports on the outcome of this research.

Examples: Climatologist, Hydrometeorologist, Meteorologist, Weather forecaster

4164Physicists, Space Scientists, and Related

Physicists and astronomers conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods concerning matter, space, time, energy, forces and fields and the interrelationship between these physical phenomena. They apply scientific knowledge relating to physics and astronomy in industrial, medical, military or other fields.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting research and improving or developing concepts, theories, instrumentation, software and operational methods related to physics and astronomy;
(b) conducting experiments, tests and analyses on the structure and properties of matter in fields such as mechanics, thermodynamics, electronics, communications, power generation and distribution, aerodynamics, optics and lasers, remote sensing, medicine, sonics, magnetism and nuclear physics;
(c) evaluating results of investigations and experiments and expressing conclusions, mainly using mathematical techniques and models;
(d) applying principles, techniques and processes to develop or improve industrial, medical, military and other practical applications of the principles and techniques of physics or astronomy;
(e) ensuring the safe and effective delivery of radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing) to patients to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic result as prescribed by a medical practitioner;
(f) ensuring the accurate measurement and characterization of physical quantities used in medical applications;
(g) testing, commissioning and evaluating equipment used in applications such as imaging, medical treatment and dosimetry;
(h) advising and consulting with medical practitioners and other health care professionals in optimizing the balance between the beneficial and deleterious effects of radiation;
(i) observing, analysing and interpreting celestial phenomena and developing methods, numerical models and techniques to extend knowledge of fields such as navigation, satellite communication, space exploration, celestial bodies and cosmic radiation;
(j) developing, implementing and maintaining standards and protocols for the measurement of physical phenomena and for the use of nuclear technology in industrial and medical applications;
(k) preparing scientific papers and reports.

Examples: Astronomer, Medical physicist, Nuclear physicist, Physicist

417Professionals in Social Sciences

4171Anthropologists, Sociologists, and Related

Sociologists, anthropologists and related professionals investigate and describe the structure, origin and evolution of societies and the interdependence between environmental conditions and human activities. They provide advice on the practical application of their findings in the formulation of economic and social policies.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting research on the origin, development, structure, social patterns, organizations and interrelationships of human society;
(b) tracing the origin and evolution of humanity through the study of changing characteristics and cultural and social institutions;
(c) tracing the development of humanity through the material remains of its past, such as dwellings, temples, tools, pottery, coins, weapons or sculpture;
(d) studying physical and climatic aspects of areas and regions, and correlating these findings with economic, social and cultural activities;
(e) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe social phenomena;
(f) evaluating the outcome of political decisions concerning social policy;
(g) analysing and evaluating social data;
(h) advising on the practical application of findings in the formulation of economic and social policies for population groups and regions, and for the development of markets;
(i) preparing scholarly papers and reports.

Examples: Anthropologist, Archaeologist, Criminologist, Ethnologist, Geographer, Sociologist

4172Economists and Related

Economists conduct research, monitor data, analyse information and prepare reports and plans to resolve economic and business problems and develop models to analyse, explain and forecast economic behaviour and patterns. They provide advice to business, interest groups and governments to formulate solutions to present or projected economic and business problems.

Tasks include:
(a) forecasting changes in the economic environment for short-term budgeting, long-term planning and investment evaluation;
(b) formulating recommendations, policies and plans for the economy, corporate strategies and investment, and undertaking feasibility studies for projects;
(c) monitoring economic data to assess the effectiveness, and advise on the appropriateness, of monetary and fiscal policies;
(d) forecasting production and consumption of specific products and services based on records of past production and consumption and general economic and industry-specific conditions;
(e) preparing forecasts of income and expenditure, interest rates and exchange rates;
(f) analysing factors that determine labor force participation, employment, wages, unemployment and other labor market outcomes;
(g) applying mathematical formulae and statistical techniques to test economic theories and devise solutions to economic problems;
(h) compiling, analysing and interpreting economic data using economic theory and a variety of statistical and other techniques;
(i) evaluating the outcome of political decisions concerning public economy and finances, and advising on economic policy and possible courses of action in the light of past, present and projected economic factors and trends;
(j) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
(k) examining problems related to the economic activities of individual companies;
(l) conducting research on market conditions in local, regional or national areas to set sales and pricing levels for goods and services, to assess market potential and future trends and to develop business strategies.

Examples: Econometrician, Economic adviser, Economic analyst, Economist, Labor economist

4173Historians, Philosophers, Political Scientists, and Related

Philosophers, historians and political scientists conduct research into the nature of human experience and existence, phases or aspects of human history, and political structures, movements and behaviour. They document and report on findings to inform and guide political and individual actions

Tasks include:
(a) researching, including by reasoning, into the general causes, principles and meanings of the world, human actions, experience and existence, and interpreting and developing philosophical concepts and theories;
(b) consulting and comparing primary sources such as original or contemporary records of past events, and secondary sources such as archaeological or anthropological findings;
(c) extracting relevant material, checking its authenticity, and researching into and describing the history of a particular period, country or region, or a particular facet - for example economic, social or political - of its history;
(d) conducting research in such fields as political philosophy, or past and present theory and practice of political systems, institutions or behaviour;
(e) observing contemporary political institutions and opinions, collecting data on them from various sources, including interviews with government and political party officials and other relevant persons;
(f) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe the nature of human experience and historical and political events and behaviour;
(g) presenting findings and conclusions for publication or use by government, political parties or other organizations and interested persons;
(h) preparing scholarly papers and reports.

Examples: Genealogist, Historian, Philosopher, Political scientist

4174Psychologists and Related

Psychologists research into and study the mental processes and behaviour of human beings as individuals or in groups, and apply this knowledge to promote personal, social, educational or occupational adjustment and development.

Tasks include:
(a) planning and carrying out tests to measure mental, physical and other characteristics such as intelligence, abilities, aptitudes, potentialities, etc., interpreting and evaluating results, and providing advice;
(b) analysing the effect of heredity, social, occupational and other factors on individual thought and behaviour;
(c) conducting counselling or therapeutic interviews with individuals and groups and providing follow-up services;
(d) maintaining required contacts, such as those with family members, educational authorities or employers, and recommending possible solutions to, and treatment of, problems;
(e) studying psychological factors in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illnesses and emotional or personality disorders, and conferring with related professionals;
(f) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
(g) formulating achievement, diagnostic and predictive tests for use by teachers in planning methods and content of instruction;
(h) conducting surveys and research studies on job design, work groups, morale, motivation, supervision and management;
(i) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe human behaviour.

Examples: Clinical psychologist, Educational psychologist, Organizational psychologist, Psychotherapist, Sports psychologist

42Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

421Professionals in Arts and Entertainment

4211Actors and Related

Actors portray roles in motion pictures, television or radio productions and stage shows.

Tasks include:
(a) learning lines and cues and playing parts in dramatic productions on stage, commercials, television, radio or in motion pictures;
(b) assuming characters created by a playwright or author and communicating this to an audience;
(c) telling stories or reading literary works aloud to educate or entertain listeners;
(d) attending auditions and casting calls in order to audition for roles;
(e) preparing for performances through rehearsals under the instruction and guidance of production directors;
(f) reading scripts and undertaking research to gain understanding of parts, themes and characteristics;
(g) acting parts and portraying roles as developed in rehearsals in film, television, radio and stage productions.

Examples: Actor, Mime artist, Storyteller

4212Composers, Musicians, Singers, and Related

Musicians, singers and composers write, arrange, conduct and perform musical compositions.

Tasks include:
(a) creating melodic, harmonic and rhythmic structures to express ideas and emotions in musical form;
(b) translating ideas and concepts into standard musical signs and symbols for reproduction and performance;
(c) adapting or arranging music for particular instrumental or vocal groups, instruments or occasions;
(d) conducting instrumental or vocal groups;
(e) selecting music for performances and assigning instrumental parts to musicians;
(f) playing one or more musical instruments as a soloist or as a member of an orchestra or a musical group;
(g) singing as a soloist or as a member of a vocal group or other band;
(h) practising and rehearsing to maintain a high standard of performance.

Examples: Band leader, Composer, Instrumentalist, Music conductor, Night club musician, Night club singer, Orchestrator, Singer, Street musician, Street singer

4213Choreographers, Dancers, and Related

Dancers and choreographers conceive and create or perform dances.

Tasks include:
(a) conceiving and creating dances, which often convey a story, theme, idea or mood, by a pattern of steps, movements and gestures;
(b) performing dances as a soloist, with a partner or as a member of a dancing group before live audiences or for film, television or other visual media;
(c) training, exercising and attending dance classes to maintain the required levels of ability and fitness;
(d) directing and participating in rehearsals to practice dance steps and techniques required for a performance;
(e) auditioning for dance roles or for membership in dance companies;
(f) coordinating the production music with the music directors.

Examples: Choreographer, Ballet dancer, Night-club dancer, Street dancer

4214Directors, Producers, and Related

Film, stage and related directors and producers oversee and control the technical and artistic aspects of motion pictures, television or radio productions and stage shows.

Tasks include:
(a) choosing writers, studying scripts to determine artistic interpretation, and instructing actors on acting methods;
(b) directing all aspects of dramatic productions on stage, television, radio or in motion pictures, including choice of actors, and final decisions concerning costumes, set designs, sound or lighting effects;
(c) planning, organizing and controlling the various stages and scheduling involved in the production of presentations, motion pictures, television shows and radio programs;
(d) engaging and supervising all technical personnel, and determining the treatment, scope and scheduling of production;
(e) maintaining production archives and negotiating royalties;
(f) creating, planning or writing scripts for recording, videotaping and editing programs;
(g) supervising the positioning of scenery, props and lighting and sound equipment.

Examples: Documentary director, Film editor, Motion picture director, Photography director, Stage director, Technical director, Technical television or radio director, Theatre producer

4215Photographers and Related

Photographers operate still cameras to photograph people, events, scenes, materials, products and other subjects.

Tasks include:
(a) taking photographs for advertising or other commercial, industrial or scientific purposes and to illustrate stories and articles in newspapers, magazines and other publications;
(b) taking portrait photographs of persons and groups of persons;
(c) studying requirements of a particular assignment and decide on type of camera, film, lighting and background accessories to be used;
(d) determining picture composition, making technical adjustments to equipment and photograph subject;
(e) operating scanners to transfer photographic images to computers;
(f) operating computers to manipulate photographic images;
(g) adapting existing photographic images to create new digitized images to be included in multimedia products;
(h) using airbrush, computer or other techniques to create the desired visual effect.

Examples: Aerial photographer, Commercial photographer, Industrial photographer, Photojournalist, Photographer, Portrait photographer, Scientific photographer

4216Visual Artists and Related

Visual artists create and execute works of art by sculpting, painting, drawing, creating cartoons, engraving or using other techniques.

Tasks include:
(a) conceiving and developing ideas, designs and styles for paintings, drawings and sculptures;
(b) arranging objects, positioning models, and selecting landscapes and other visual forms according to chosen subject matter;
(c) selecting artistic media, method and materials;
(d) creating representational or abstract three-dimensional or relief forms by shaping, carving and working and combining materials such as wood, stone, clay, metal, ice or paper;
(e) creating representational or abstract drawings and paintings using pencils, ink, chalk, oil paints, water colors or through the application of other techniques;
(f) creating drawings and engraving or etching them on metal, wood or other materials;
(g) creating cartoons to depict persons and events, often in caricature;
(h) restoring damaged, soiled and faded paintings and other art objects.

Examples: Cartoonist, Ceramic artist, Illustrator, Picture restorer, Portrait painter, Sculptor

421NProfessionals in Arts and Entertainment, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers all creative and performing artists not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes clowns, magicians, acrobats and other performing artists.

Tasks include:
(a) performing amusing antics and telling funny stories;
(b) performing tricks of illusion and sleight of hand, and feats of hypnotism;
(c) performing difficult and spectacular acrobatics, and gymnastic or juggling feats;
(d) training and performing with animals.

Examples: Acrobat, Aerialist, Clown, Hypnotist, Magician, Puppeteer, Stand-up comedian, Ventriloquist

422Professionals in Culture and Related

4221Archivists, Curators, and Related

Archivists and curators collect, appraise and ensure the safekeeping and preservation of the contents of archives, artefacts and records of historical, cultural, administrative and artistic interest, and of art and other objects. They plan, devise and implement systems for the safekeeping of records and historically valuable documents.

Tasks include:
(a) evaluating and preserving records for administrative, historical, legal, evidential and other purposes;
(b) directing or carrying out the preparation of indexes, bibliographies, microfilm copies and other reference aids to the collected material and making them available to users;
(c) researching the origin, distribution and use of materials and objects of cultural and historical interest;
(d) organizing, developing and maintaining collections of artistic, cultural, scientific or historically significant items;
(e) directing or undertaking classification and cataloguing of museum and art gallery collections and organizing exhibitions;
(f) researching into, appraising, organizing and preserving historically significant and valuable documents such as government papers, private papers, photographs, maps, manuscripts and audiovisual materials;
(g) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
(h) planning and implementing the computerized management of archives and electronic records;
(i) organizing exhibitions at museums and art galleries, publicizing exhibits and arranging special displays for general, specialized or educational interest;
(j) appraising and acquiring archival materials to build and develop an archival collection for research purposes.

Examples: Archivist, Art gallery curator, Museum curator, Records manager

4222Librarians and Related

Librarians and related information professionals collect, select, develop, organize and maintain library collections and other information repositories; organize and control other library services and provide information for users.

Tasks include:
(a) organizing, developing and maintaining a systematic collection of books, periodicals and other printed, audiovisually and digitally recorded material;
(b) selecting and recommending acquisitions of books and other printed or audiovisually and digitally recorded material;
(c) organizing, classifying and cataloguing library material;
(d) managing library borrowing and interlibrary loan facilities and information networks;
(e) retrieving material and providing information to business and other users based on the collection itself or on library and information-network systems;
(f) conducting research and analysing or modifying library and information services in accordance with changes in users’ needs;
(g) devising and implementing schemes and conceptual models for the storage, organization, classification and retrieval of information;
(h) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
(i) performing manual, online and interactive media reference searches, making interlibrary loans and performing other functions to assist users in accessing library materials.

Examples: Bibliographer, Cataloguer, Librarian

423Professionals in Media and Related

4231Announcers and Hosts on Radio, Television, and Other Media

Announcers on radio, television and other media read news bulletins, conduct interviews, and make other announcements or introductions on radio, television, and in theatres and other establishments or media.

Tasks include:
(a) reading news bulletins and making other announcements on radio or television;
(b) introducing performing artists or persons being interviewed, and making related announcements on radio, television, or in theatres, night clubs and other establishments;
(c) interviewing persons in public, especially on radio and television;
(d) studying background information in order to prepare for programs or interviews;
(e) commenting on music and other matters, such as weather or traffic conditions.

Examples: Radio announcer, Television announcer, News anchor, Sports announcer, Talk show host/hostess, Traffic reporter, Weather reporter

4232Authors and Related Writers

Authors and related writers plan, research and write books, scripts, storyboards, plays, essays, speeches, manuals, specifications and other non-journalistic articles (excluding material for newspapers, magazines and other periodicals) for publication or presentation.

Tasks include:
(a) conceiving, writing and editing novels, plays, scripts, poetry and other material for publication or presentation;
(b) conducting research to establish factual content and to obtain other necessary information;
(c) writing scripts and continuities and preparing programs for stage, film, radio and television productions;
(d) analysing material, such as specifications, notes, and drawings, and creating manuals, instructions for use, user guides and other documents to explain clearly and concisely the installation, operation and maintenance of software, electronic, mechanical and other equipment;
(e) writing brochures, handbooks and similar technical publications;
(f) selecting material for publication, checking style, grammar and accuracy of content, arranging for any necessary revisions and checking proof copies before printing.

Examples: Author, Book editor, Essayist, Indexer, Interactive media writer, Novelist, Playwright, Poet, Script writer, Speech writer, Technical communicator, Technical writer, Writer

4233Journalists and Related Writers

Journalists research, investigate, interpret and communicate news and public affairs through newspapers, television, radio and other media.

Tasks include:
(a) collecting local, national and international news through interviews, investigation and observation, attending public events, seeking out records, reviewing written work, attending film and stage performances;
(b) collecting, reporting and commenting on news and current affairs for publication in newspapers and periodicals, or for broadcasting by radio, television or webcast media;
(c) receiving, analysing and verifying news and other copy for accuracy;
(d) interviewing politicians and other public figures at press conferences and on other occasions, including individual interviews recorded for radio, television or webcast media;
(e) researching and reporting on developments in specialized fields such as medicine, science and technology;
(f) writing editorials and commentaries on topics of current interest to stimulate public interest and express the views of a publication or broadcasting station;
(g) writing critical reviews of literary, musical and other artistic works based on knowledge, judgement and experience for newspapers, television, radio and other media;
(h) selecting material for publication, checking style, grammar, accuracy and legality of content and arranging for any necessary revisions;
(i) liaising with production staff in checking final proof copies immediately prior to printing;
(j) selecting, assembling and preparing publicity material about business or other organizations for issue through press, radio, television and other media.

Examples: Journalist, Newspaper editor, Newspaper reporter, Sports writer, Sub editor, TV/radio news producer, TV/radio news reporter

4234Interpreters, Translators, and Other Linguists

Translators, interpreters and other linguists translate or interpret from one language into another and study the origin, development and structure of languages.

Tasks include:
(a) studying relationships between ancient parent languages and modern language groups, tracing the origin and evolution of words, grammar and language forms, and presenting findings;
(b) advising on or preparing language classification systems, grammars, dictionaries and similar materials;
(c) translating from one language into another and ensuring that the correct meaning of the original is retained, that legal, technical or scientific works are correctly rendered, and that the phraseology and terminology of the spirit and style of literary works are conveyed as far as possible;
(d) developing methods for the use of computers and other instruments to improve productivity and quality of translation;
(e) interpreting from a spoken or a signed language into another spoken or signed language, in particular at conferences, meetings and similar occasions, and ensuring that the correct meaning and, as far as possible, the spirit of the original are transmitted;
(f) revising and correcting translated material.

Examples: Interpreter, Lexicographer, Philologist, Sign language interpreter, Subtitler, Translator, Translator-reviser

424Professionals in Recreation and Sports

4241Sports Athletes and Players

Athletes and sport players participate in competitive sporting events. They train and compete, either individually or as part of a team, in their chosen sport.

Tasks include:
(a) participating in competitive sporting events;
(b) participating in regular practice and training sessions and undertaking private training to maintain the required standard of fitness and skill;
(c) undertaking sports promotional activities and media interviews;
(d) maintaining a high degree of expertise in a particular sport;
(e) deciding on strategies in consultation with coaches;
(f) assessing other competitors and conditions at venues;
(g) competing in sporting events;
(h) adhering to the rules and regulations associated with a specific sport.

Examples: Athlete, Bicycle racer, Boxer, Chess player, Footballer, Golfer, Hockey player, Jockey, Poker player, Racing driver, Skier, Tennis player, Wrestler

4242Sports Coaches, Instructors, and Officials

Sports coaches, instructors and officials work with amateur and professional sportspersons to enhance performance and encourage greater participation in sport, and organize and officiate in sporting events according to established rules.

Tasks include:
(a) identifying strengths and weaknesses of athletes or teams;
(b) planning, developing and implementing training and practice sessions;
(c) developing, planning and coordinating competitive schedules and programs;
(d) motivating and preparing athletes or teams for competitive events or games;
(e) formulating competitive strategy, developing game plans and directing athletes and players during games or athletic events;
(f) analysing and evaluating athletes’ or teams’ performances and modifying training programs;
(g) monitoring and analysing technique and performance, and determining how future improvements can be made;
(h) officiating at sporting events or athletic competitions to maintain standards of play and to ensure that game rules and safety regulations are observed;
(i) recording lapsed time and keeping score during events or competitions;
(j) judging the performance of competitors, awarding points, imposing penalties for infractions and determining results;
(k) compiling scores and other athletic records.

Examples: Referee, Ski instructor, Sports coach, Sports official, Swimming instructor

43Professionals in Education

431Professionals in Pre-Primary Education

4311Teachers, Pre-Primary Education

Early childhood educators promote the social, physical, and intellectual development of children below primary school age through the provision of educational and play activities.

Tasks include:
(a) planning and organizing individual and group activities designed to facilitate the development of children’s motor, cooperative and social skills, confidence and understanding;
(b) promoting language development through storytelling, role play, songs, rhymes and informal conversations and discussions;
(c) leading children in activities that provide opportunities for creative expression through the media of art, dramatic play, music and physical fitness;
(d) observing children in order to evaluate progress and to detect signs of developmental, emotional or health-related problems;
(e) observing and assessing nutritional health, welfare and safety needs of students and identifying factors which may impede students’ progress;
(f) supervising children’s activities to ensure safety and resolve conflicts;
(g) guiding and assisting children in the development of proper eating, dressing and toilet habits;
(h) discussing progress or problems of children with parents and other staff members and identifying appropriate actions and referrals to other services;
(i) establishing and maintaining collaborative relationships with other service providers working with young children.

Examples: Early childhood educator, Pre-school teacher

432Professionals in Primary Education

4321Teachers, Primary Education

Primary school teachers teach a range of subjects at the primary education level.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing daily and longer term lesson plans in accordance with curriculum guidelines;
(b) instructing children individually and in groups, using various teaching methods and materials (e.g. computers, books, games), adapting to children’s varying needs;
(c) maintaining discipline and good working habits in the classroom;
(d) planning and conducting activities with the children such as sporting activities, concerts and excursions;
(e) assigning and grading class work and homework;
(f) preparing, administering and grading tests and assignments to evaluate children’s progress;
(g) observing and evaluating children’s performance and behaviour;
(h) supervising children during classes and at other times in the school day, including the playground during breaks;
(i) participating in staff meetings and other sessions, and conferring with other teachers concerning educational issues;
(j) preparing for and attending parent meetings to discuss children’s progress and problems.

Examples: Primary school teacher

433Professionals in Secondary Education

4331Teachers, Secondary Education

Secondary education teachers teach one or more subjects at secondary education level, excluding subjects intended to prepare students for employment in specific occupational areas.

Tasks include:
(a) designing and modifying curricula and preparing educational courses of study in accordance with curriculum guidelines;
(b) establishing and enforcing rules for behaviour and procedures for maintaining order among students;
(c) preparing and giving lessons, discussions, and demonstrations in one or more subjects;
(d) establishing clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects and communicating those objectives to students;
(e) preparing materials and classrooms for class activities;
(f) adapting teaching methods and instructional materials to meet students’ varying needs and interests;
(g) observing and evaluating students’ performance and behaviour;
(h) preparing, administering and marking tests, assignments and examinations to evaluate pupils' progress;
(i) preparing reports about pupils’ work and conferring with other teachers and parents;
(j) participating in meetings concerning the school’s educational or organizational policies;
(k) planning, organizing and participating in school activities such as excursions, sporting events and concerts.

Examples: Secondary school teacher, High school teacher

434Professionals in Tertiary Education

4341Teachers, Tertiary Education

University and higher education teachers prepare and deliver lectures and conduct tutorials in one or more subjects within a prescribed course of study at a university or other higher educational institution. They conduct research, and prepare scholarly papers and books.

Tasks include:
(a) designing and modifying curricula and preparing courses of study in accordance with requirements;
(b) preparing and delivering lectures and conducting tutorials, seminars and laboratory experiments;
(c) stimulating discussion and independent thought among students;
(d) supervising, where appropriate, experimental and practical work undertaken by students;
(e) administering, evaluating and marking examination papers and tests;
(f) directing research of postgraduate students or other members of department;
(g) researching into and developing concepts, theories and operational methods for application in industrial and other fields;
(h) preparing scholarly books, papers or articles;
(i) participating in departmental and faculty meetings and in conferences and seminars.

Examples: Higher education lecturer, Professor, University lecturer, University tutor

435Professionals in Vocational Education

4351Teachers, Vocational Education

Vocational education teachers teach or instruct vocational or occupational subjects in adult and further education institutions and to senior students in secondary schools and colleges. They prepare students for employment in specific occupations or occupational areas for which university or higher education is not normally required.

Tasks include:
(a) developing curricula and planning course content and methods of instruction;
(b) determining training needs of students or workers and liaising with individuals, industry and other education sectors to ensure provision of relevant education and training programs;
(c) presenting lectures and conducting discussions to increase students’ knowledge and competence;
(d) instructing and monitoring students in the use of tools, equipment and materials and the prevention of injury and damage;
(e) observing and evaluating students’ work to determine progress, provide feedback and make suggestions for improvement;
(f) administering oral, written or performance tests to measure progress, evaluate training effectiveness and assess competency;
(g) preparing reports and maintaining records such as student grades, attendance rolls and training activity details;
(h) supervising independent or group projects, field placements, laboratory work or other training;
(i) providing individualized instruction and tutorial or remedial instruction;
(j) conducting on-the-job training sessions to teach and demonstrate principles, techniques, procedures or methods of designated subjects.

Examples: Automotive technology instructor, Cosmetology instructor, Vocational education teacher

439Professionals in Education — Other

4391Teachers, Arts, Not Elsewhere Classified

Other arts teachers teach students in the practice, theory and performance of dance, drama, visual and other arts (excluding music) outside the mainstream primary, secondary and higher education systems, but may provide private or small group tuition as an extracurricular activity in association with mainstream educational institutions

Tasks include:
(a) assessing the students’ level of ability and determining learning needs;
(b) planning, preparing and delivering programs of study, lessons and workshops for individual students and groups;
(c) preparing and presenting material on the theory of the subject area being studied;
(d) instructing and demonstrating practical aspects of drama, dance, visual or other arts;
(e) assigning exercises and work relevant to students’ level of ability, interests and talents;
(f) assessing students and offering advice, criticism and encouragement;
(g) revising curricula, course content, course materials and methods of instruction;
(h) preparing students for examinations, performance and assessments;
(i) arranging visits and tours to exhibitions and performances;
(j) organizing and assisting in performances or exhibitions of students’ work.

Examples: Dance teacher (private tuition), Drama teacher (private tuition), Painting teacher (private tuition), Sculpture teacher (private tuition)

4392Teachers, Languages, Not Elsewhere Classified

Other language teachers teach non-native languages to adults and children who are learning a language for reasons of migration, to fulfil employment requirements or opportunities, to facilitate participation in educational programs delivered in a foreign language, or for personal enrichment. They work outside the mainstream primary, secondary and higher education systems, or in support of students and teachers within those systems.

Tasks include:
(a) assessing the level of ability and the extent of language difficulties of students, and establishing students’ needs and learning goals;
(b) planning, preparing and delivering lessons and workshops for groups and individuals, with content and rate of progression adapted to students’ abilities and needs;
(c) designing and producing teaching materials and adapting existing materials;
(d) assessing students’ progress;
(e) assisting students in classroom settings where subjects are taught in a language other than the students’ native language;
(f) providing assistance to other teachers by designing special teaching programs for students still learning the main language of instruction;
(g) assigning and correcting work, and preparing and grading exams;
(h) assessing, recording and reporting on students’ progress.

Examples: Intensive language teacher, Migrant education teacher, Practical language teacher, Second language teacher

4393Teachers, Music, Not Elsewhere Classified

Other music teachers teach students in the practice, theory and performance of music outside the mainstream primary, secondary and higher education systems, but may provide private or small group tuition as an extracurricular activity in association with mainstream educational institutions.

Tasks include:
(a) assessing the students’ level of ability and determining needs and learning goals;
(b) planning, preparing and delivering programs of study, lessons and workshops for individual students and groups;
(c) preparing and presenting material on the theory and interpretation of music;
(d) instructing and demonstrating practical aspects of singing or of playing a particular instrument;
(e) teaching students to read and write musical notation;
(f) assigning exercises and teaching pieces of music relevant to students’ level of ability, interests and talents;
(g) assessing students and offering advice, criticism and encouragement;
(h) revising curricula, course content, course materials and methods of instruction;
(i) preparing students for examinations, performances and assessments;
(j) arranging visits and tours to musical performances;
(k) organizing and assisting in auditions or performances of students’ work.

Examples: Guitar teacher (private tuition), Piano teacher (private tuition), Singing teacher (private tuition), Violin teacher (private tuition)

4394Teachers, Special Needs

Special needs teachers teach physically or mentally handicapped children, young persons or adults, or those with learning difficulties or other special needs. They promote the social, emotional, intellectual and physical development of their students.

Tasks include:
(a) assessing students’ abilities and limitations with regard to intellectual, physical, social and emotional impairments, exceptional intellectual gifts, or other special situations;
(b) designing or modifying curricula and preparing and delivering programs, lessons and activities adapted to students’ abilities and needs;
(c) giving instruction on an individual or group basis using special techniques or aids appropriate to students’ needs;
(d) employing special educational strategies and techniques during instruction to improve the development of sensory- and perceptual-motor skills, language, cognition and memory;
(e) establishing and enforcing rules for behaviour and policies and procedures to maintain order among students;
(f) teaching academic subjects and practical and self-help skills to students with hearing, sight and other impairments;
(g) stimulating and developing students’ confidence, interests, abilities, manual skills and coordination;
(h) conferring with other staff members to plan and schedule lessons for special needs students;
(i) preparing and maintaining student data and other records and submitting reports;
(j) administering various forms of assessment and evaluating progress of each student;
(k) conferring with students, parents, head teachers and other relevant professionals involved in the students’ care to develop individual educational plans designed to promote students’ development.

Examples: Learning disabilities special education teacher, Learning support teacher, Remedial teacher, Teacher of gifted children, Teacher of the hearing impaired, Teacher of the sight impaired

44Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare

441Professionals in Medicine

4411Medical Doctors and Practitioners, General

Generalist medical practitioners (including family and primary care doctors) diagnose, treat and prevent illness, disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments and maintain general health in humans through application of the principles and procedures of modern medicine. They do not limit their practice to certain disease categories or methods of treatment, and may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families and communities.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting physical examinations of patients and interviewing them and their families to determine their health status;
(b) ordering laboratory tests, X-rays and other diagnostic procedures and analysing findings to determine the nature of disorders or illnesses;
(c) providing continuing medical care for patients including prescribing, administering, counselling on and monitoring curative treatments and preventive measures;
(d) performing surgery and other clinical procedures;
(e) advising individuals, families and communities on health, nutrition and lifestyle which aid prevention or treatment of disease and disorders;
(f) providing referrals to patients and families for specialized care in hospitals, rehabilitation centers or other types of health care centers;
(g) identifying, managing and providing referrals for complications before, during and after childbirth;
(h) recording patients’ medical information and history and exchanging information with specialist practitioners and other health workers as required for continuing medical care;
(i) reporting births, deaths and notifiable diseases to government authorities to meet legal and professional requirements;
(j) conducting research in human health and medical services and disseminating the findings such as through scientific reports;
(k) planning and participating in programs designed to prevent the occurrence and spread of common diseases.

Examples: District medical doctor–therapist, Family medical practitioner, General practitioner, Medical doctor (general), Medical officer (general), Physician (general), Primary health care physician, Resident medical officer specializing in general practice

4412Medical Doctors and Practitioners, Specialized

Specialist medical practitioners (medical doctors) diagnose, treat and prevent illness, disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments in humans, using specialized testing, diagnostic, medical, surgical, physical and psychiatric techniques through application of the principles and procedures of modern medicine. They specialize in certain disease categories, types of patient or methods of treatment and may conduct medical education and research in their chosen areas of specialization.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting physical examinations of patients and interviewing them and their families to determine their health status;
(b) considering medical information provided by a referring doctor or other health care provider,
(c) ordering specialized diagnostic tests to determine the nature of disorders or illnesses;
(d) prescribing, administering and monitoring patients’ responses to treatments, medications, anaesthetics, psychotherapies, physical rehabilitation programs and other preventive and curative measures;
(e) performing surgery of a general or specialized nature;
(f) managing complications before, during and after childbirth;
(g) recording patients’ medical information and exchanging information with other health professionals to ensure the provision of comprehensive care;
(h) reporting births, deaths and notifiable diseases to government authorities to meet legal and professional requirements;
(i) providing information to patients and families and communities about preventive measures, treatment and care for specific ailments;
(j) performing autopsies to determine cause of death;
(k) conducting research into specific human disorders and illnesses and preventive or curative methods and disseminating the findings such as through scientific reports;
(l) planning and participating in programs designed to prevent the occurrence and spread of specific diseases.

Examples: Anaesthetist, Cardiologist, Emergency medicine specialist, Gynaecologist, Obstetrician, Ophthalmologist, Paediatrician, Pathologist, Preventive medicine specialist, Psychiatrist, Radiation oncologist, Radiologist, Resident medical officer in specialist training, Specialist medical practitioner (public health), Specialist physician (internal medicine), Specialist physician (nuclear medicine), Surgeon

442Professionals in Nursing and Midwifery

4421Nursing Professionals

Nursing professionals provide treatment, support and care services for people who are in need of nursing care due to the effects of ageing, injury, illness or other physical or mental impairment, or potential risks to health. They assume responsibility for the planning and management of the care of patients, including the supervision of other health care workers, working autonomously or in teams with medical doctors and others in the practical application of preventive and curative measures.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, providing and evaluating nursing care for patients according to the practice and standards of modern nursing;
(b) coordinating the care of patients in consultation with other health professionals and members of health teams;
(c) developing and implementing care plans for the biological, social and psychological treatment of patients in collaboration with other health professionals;
(d) planning and providing personal care, treatments and therapies including administering medications, and monitoring responses to treatment or care plan;
(e) cleaning wounds and applying surgical dressings and bandages;
(f) monitoring pain and discomfort experienced by patients and alleviating pain using a variety of therapies, including the use of painkilling drugs;
(g) planning and participating in health education programs, health promotion and nurse education activities in clinical and community settings;
(h) answering questions from patients and families and providing information about prevention of ill-health, treatment and care;
(i) supervising and coordinating the work of other nursing, health and personal care workers;
(j) conducting research on nursing practices and procedures and disseminating findings such as through scientific papers and reports.

Examples: Clinical nurse consultant, District nurse, Nurse anaesthetist, Nurse educator, Nurse practitioner, Operating theatre nurse, Professional nurse, Public health nurse, Specialist nurse

4422Midwifery Professionals

Midwifery professionals plan, manage, provide and evaluate midwifery care services before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth. They provide delivery care for reducing health risks to women and newborn children, working autonomously or in teams with other health care providers.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, providing and evaluating care and support services for women and babies before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth according to the practice and standards of modern midwifery care;
(b) providing advice to women and families and conducting community education on health, nutrition, hygiene, exercise, birth and emergency plans, breastfeeding, infant care, family planning and contraception, lifestyle and other topics related to pregnancy and childbirth;
(c) assessing progress during pregnancy and childbirth, managing complications and recognizing warning signs requiring referral to a medical doctor with specialized skills in obstetrics;
(d) monitoring the health status of newborns, managing complications and recognizing warning signs requiring referral to a medical doctor with specialized skills in neonatology;
(e) monitoring pain and discomfort experienced by women during labor and delivery and alleviating pain using a variety of therapies, including the use of painkilling drugs;
(f) reporting births to government authorities to meet legal and professional requirements;
(g) conducting research on midwifery practices and procedures and disseminating findings such as through scientific papers and reports;
(h) planning and conducting midwifery education activities in clinical and community settings.

Examples: Professional midwife

443Professionals in Traditional and Complementary Medicine

4431Traditional and Complementary Medicine Professionals

Traditional and complementary medicine professionals examine patients, prevent and treat illness, disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments and maintain general health in humans by applying knowledge, skills and practices acquired through extensive study of the theories, beliefs and experiences, originating in specific cultures.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting physical examinations of patients and interviewing them and their families to determine their health status;
(b) developing and implementing treatment plans for physical, mental and psychosocial ailments using applications such as acupuncture, ayurvedic, homeopathic and herbal medicine;
(c) evaluating and documenting patients’ progress through treatment plans;
(d) providing health, nutrition and lifestyle advice to individuals, families and communities;
(e) prescribing and preparing traditional medicines, such as herbal, plant, mineral and animal extracts, to stimulate the body’s capacity for self-healing;
(f) exchanging information about patients with other health care workers as needed to ensure continuing and comprehensive health care;
(g) conducting research into traditional and complementary medicines and treatments and disseminating findings such as through scientific papers and reports.

Examples: Acupuncturist, Ayurvedic practitioner, Chinese herbal medicine practitioner, Homeopath, Naturopath, Unani practitioner

444Professionals in Veterinary Medicine

4441Veterinarians and Related

Veterinarians diagnose, prevent and treat diseases, injuries and dysfunctions of animals. They may provide care to a wide range of animals or specialize in the treatment of a particular animal group or in a particular speciality area, or provide professional services to commercial firms producing biological and pharmaceutical products.

Tasks include:
(a) determining the presence and nature of abnormal conditions by physical examination, laboratory testing and through diagnostic imaging techniques including radiography and ultrasound;
(b) treating animals medically and surgically, and administering and prescribing drugs, analgesics, and general and local anaesthetics;
(c) performing surgery, dressing wounds and setting broken bones;
(d) rendering obstetric and dental services to animals;
(e) participating in programs designed to prevent the occurrence and spread of animal diseases;
(f) inoculating animals against, and testing for, infectious diseases and notifying authorities of outbreaks of infectious animal diseases;
(g) performing autopsies to determine cause of death;
(h) advising clients on health, nutrition and feeding, hygiene, breeding and care of animals;
(i) providing euthanasia services for animals.

Examples: Animal pathologist, Veterinarian, Veterinary epidemiologist,Veterinary intern, Veterinary surgeon

449Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare — Other

4491Audiologists and Speech Therapists

Audiologists and speech therapists evaluate, manage and treat physical disorders affecting human hearing, speech, communication and swallowing. They prescribe corrective devices or rehabilitative therapies for hearing loss, speech disorders and related sensory and neural problems, and provide counselling on hearing safety and communication performance.

Tasks include:
(a) evaluating hearing, speech and language performance in patients to determine the nature of hearing and communication disorders;
(b) administering hearing or speech/language tests or other examinations using specialized diagnostic instruments and equipment, and interpreting test results alongside other medical, social and behavioural diagnostic data to determine appropriate courses of treatment;
(c) planning, directing and participating in counselling, screening, speech rehabilitation and other programs related to hearing and communication;
(d) prescribing hearing aids and other assistive devices according to patients’ needs and instructing them in their use;
(e) planning and conducting treatment programs to manage physical disorders affecting speech and swallowing;
(f) counselling and guiding hearing and/or language-impaired individuals, their families, teachers and employers;
(g) referring patients and families to additional medical or educational services if needed.

Examples: Audiologist, Language therapist, Speech pathologist, Speech therapist

4492Dentists and Related

Dentists diagnose, treat and prevent diseases, injuries and abnormalities of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues by applying the principles and procedures of modern dentistry. They use a broad range of specialized diagnostic, surgical and other techniques to promote and restore oral health.

Tasks include:
(a) diagnosing diseases, injuries, irregularities and malformations of teeth and associated structures in the mouth and jaw using a range of methods such as radiographs, salivary tests and medical histories;
(b) providing preventative oral health care such as periodontal treatments, fluoride applications and oral health promotion;
(c) administering anaesthetics to limit the amount of pain experienced by patients during procedures;
(d) prescribing medication for relief of ongoing pain after procedures
(e) providing restorative oral care such as implants, complex crown and bridge restorations and orthodontics, and repairing damaged and decayed teeth;
(f) providing surgical treatments such as extraction of teeth and biopsy of tissue, and performing orthodontic treatment;
(g) measuring and taking impressions of patients’ jaws and teeth in order to determine the shape and size of dental prostheses;
(h) designing, making, and fitting prosthodontic appliances such as space maintainers, bridges and dentures, or writing fabrication instructions or prescriptions for dental prosthetic technicians;
(i) restoring oral function with removable and fixed oral prostheses;
(j) assisting in diagnosing general diseases having oral manifestations such as diabetes;
(k) educating patients and families on dental hygiene, nutrition and other measures to take care of oral health;
(l) supervising dental hygienists, dental assistants and other staff.

Examples: Dental practitioner, Dental surgeon, Dentist, Endodontist, Oral and maxillofacial surgeon, Oral pathologist, Orthodontist, Paedodontist, Periodontist, Prosthodontist, Stomatologist

4493Dieticians and Nutritionists

Dieticians and nutritionists assess, plan and implement programs to enhance the impact of food and nutrition on human health.

Tasks include:
(a) instructing individuals, families and communities on nutrition, the planning of diets and preparation of food to maximize health benefits and reduce potential risks to health;
(b) planning diets and menus, supervising the preparation and serving of meals, and monitoring food intake and quality to provide nutritional care in settings offering food services;
(c) compiling and assessing data relating to health and nutritional status of individuals, groups and communities based on nutritional values of food served or consumed;
(d) planning and conducting nutrition assessments, intervention programs, and education and training to improve nutritional levels among individuals and communities;
(e) consulting with other health professionals and care providers to manage the dietary and nutritional needs of patients;
(f) developing and evaluating food and nutrition products to meet nutritional requirements;
(g) conducting research on nutrition and disseminating the findings at scientific conferences and in other settings.

Examples: Clinical dietician, Food service dietician, Nutritionist, Public health nutritionist, Sports nutritionist

4494Environmental and Occupational Health and Hygiene Professionals

Environmental and occupational health and hygiene professionals assess, plan and implement programs to recognize, monitor and control environmental factors that can potentially affect human health, to ensure safe and healthy working conditions and to prevent disease or injury caused by chemical, physical, radiological and biological agents or ergonomic factors.

Tasks include:
(a) developing, implementing and reviewing programs and policies to minimize potential environmental and occupational risks to health and safety;
(b) preparing and implementing plans and strategies for the safe, economic and suitable disposal of commercial, industrial, medical and household wastes;
(c) implementing prevention programs and strategies for communicable diseases, food safety, wastewater treatment and disposal systems, recreation and domestic water quality, contaminated and hazardous substances;
(d) identifying, reporting and documenting hazards, and assessing and controlling risks in the environment and workplace and advising on compliance with relevant law and regulations;
(e) developing, implementing and monitoring programs to minimize workplace and environmental pollution involving chemical, physical and biological hazards;
(f) advising on methods to prevent, eliminate, control, or reduce the exposure of workers, students, the public and the environment to radiological and other hazards;
(g) promoting ergonomic principles within the workplace such as matching furniture, equipment and work activities to the needs of employees;
(h) providing education, information, training, and advice to persons at all levels on aspects of occupational hygiene and environmental health;
(i) recording and investigating injuries and equipment damage, and reporting safety performance;
(j) coordinating arrangements for the compensation, rehabilitation and return to work of injured workers.

Examples: Environmental health officer, Occupational health and safety adviser, Occupational hygienist, Radiation protection expert

4495Optometrists and Ophthalmic Opticians

Optometrists and ophthalmic opticians provide diagnosis, management and treatment services for disorders of the eyes and visual system. They counsel on eye care and prescribe optical aids or other therapies for visual disturbance.

Tasks include:
(a) examining patients’ eyes and conducting diagnostic tests to assess ocular health and determine the nature and extent of vision problems and abnormalities;
(b) testing visual function using specialized instruments and equipment for measuring visual acuity and refractive error, function of visual pathways, visual fields, eye movements, freedom of vision and intraocular pressure;
(c) detecting, diagnosing and managing eye disease, including prescribing medications for treatment;
(d) consulting with and referring patients to ophthalmologists or other health professionals if additional medical treatment is necessary;
(e) detecting and diagnosing eye movement disorders and defects of binocular function, and planning and managing treatment programs, including counselling patients in eye exercises to coordinate movement and focusing of eyes;
(f) prescribing corrective eyeglasses, contact lenses and other vision aids, and checking optical devices for performance, safety, comfort and lifestyle;
(g) advising on visual health matters such as contact lens care, vision care for the elderly, optics, visual ergonomics, and occupational and industrial eye safety.

Examples: Ophthalmic optician, Optometrist, Orthoptist

4496Paramedical Practitioners

Paramedical practitioners provide advisory, diagnostic, curative and preventive medical services more limited in scope and complexity than those carried out by medical doctors. They work autonomously, or with limited supervision of medical doctors, and apply advanced clinical procedures for treating and preventing diseases, injuries and other physical or mental impairments common to specific communities.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting physical examinations of patients and interviewing them and their families to determine their health status, and recording patients’ medical information;
(b) performing basic or more routine medical and surgical procedures, including prescribing and administering treatments, medications and other preventive or curative measures, especially for common diseases and disorders;
(c) administering or ordering diagnostic tests, such as X-ray, electrocardiogram and laboratory tests;
(d) performing therapeutic procedures such as injections, immunizations, suturing and wound care, and infection management;
(e) assisting medical doctors with complex surgical procedures;
(f) monitoring patients’ progress and response to treatment, and identifying signs and symptoms requiring referral to medical doctors;
(g) advising patients and families on diet, exercise and other habits which aid prevention or treatment of disease and disorders;
(h) identifying and referring complex or unusual cases to medical doctors, hospitals or other places for specialized care;
(i) reporting births, deaths and notifiable diseases to government authorities to meet legal and professional reporting requirements.

Examples: Advanced care paramedic, Clinical officer (paramedical), Feldscher, Primary care paramedic, Surgical technician

4497Pharmacists and Related

Pharmacists store, preserve, compound and dispense medicinal products and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of drugs and medicines following prescriptions issued by medical doctors and other health professionals. They contribute to researching, testing, preparing, prescribing and monitoring medicinal therapies for optimizing human health.

Tasks include:
(a) receiving prescriptions for medicinal products from medical doctors and other health professionals, checking patients’ medicine histories, and ensuring proper dosage and methods of administration and drug compatibility before dispensing;
(b) preparing or supervising the preparation and labelling of liquid medicines, ointments, powders, tablets and other medications to fill prescriptions;
(c) providing information and advice to prescribers and clients regarding drug interactions, incompatibility and contraindications, side effects, dosage and proper medication storage;
(d) collaborating with other health care professionals to plan, monitor, review, and evaluate the quality and effectiveness of the medicine therapy of individual patients, and the effectiveness of particular drugs or therapies;
(e) maintaining prescription files and recording the issue of narcotics, poisons and habit-forming drugs in accordance with legal and professional requirements;
(f) storing and preserving vaccines, serums and other drugs subject to deterioration;
(g) advising clients on and supplying non-prescription medicines and diagnostic and therapeutic aids for common conditions;
(h) supervising and coordinating the work of pharmacy technicians, pharmacy interns and pharmacy sales assistants;
(i) conducting research to develop and improve pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and related chemical products;
(j) conferring with chemists, engineering professionals and other professionals about manufacturing techniques and ingredients;
(k) testing and analysing drugs to determine their identity, purity and strength in relation to specified standards;
(l) evaluating labels, packaging and advertising of drug products;
(m) developing information and risks of particular drugs.

Examples: Dispensing chemist, Hospital pharmacist, Industrial pharmacist, Retail pharmacist

4498Physiotherapists and Related

Physiotherapists assess, plan and implement rehabilitative programs that improve or restore human motor functions, maximize movement ability, relieve pain syndromes, and treat or prevent physical challenges associated with injuries, diseases and other impairments. They apply a broad range of physical therapies and techniques such as movement, ultrasound, heating, laser and other techniques.

Tasks include:
(a) administering muscle, nerve, joint functional ability and other tests to identify and assess physical problems of patients;
(b) establishing treatment goals with patients and designing treatment programs to reduce physical pain, strengthen muscles, improve cardiothoracic, cardiovascular and respiratory functions, restore joint mobility and improve balance and coordination;
(c) developing, implementing and monitoring programs and treatments using the therapeutic properties of exercise, heat, cold, massage, manipulation, hydrotherapy, electrotherapy, ultraviolet and infra-red light and ultrasound in the treatment of patients;
(d) instructing patients and their families in procedures to be continued outside clinical settings;
(e) recording information on patients’ health status and responses to treatment in medical records-keeping systems, and sharing information with other health professionals as required to ensure continuing and comprehensive care;
(f) developing and implementing programs for screening and prevention of common physical ailments and disorders;
(g) supervising the work of physiotherapy assistants and others.

Examples: Geriatric physical therapist, Manipulative therapist, Orthopaedic physical therapist, Paediatric physical therapist, Physical therapist, Physiotherapist

449NProfessionals in Healthcare and Welfare, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers health professionals not classified elsewhere in Sub-Major Group 22: Health Professionals. For instance, the group includes occupations such as podiatrist, occupational therapist, recreational therapist, chiropractor, osteopath and other professionals providing diagnostic, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services.

Tasks include:
(a) interviewing patients and conducting diagnostic tests to determine their health status, functional limitations, and the nature of physical or mental disorders, illnesses or other health problems;
(b) developing and implementing treatment plans for injuries, illnesses and other physical and mental impairments;
(c) evaluating and documenting patients’ progress through treatment plans, and referring patients and families to medical doctors or other health care providers for specialized, rehabilitative or other care services as needed;
(d) administering therapeutic care and treatment to patients, including through application of manual and physical chiropractic and osteopathic techniques;
(e) recommending environmental adaptations in the home, leisure, work and school environments on an individual or group basis to enable individuals with functional limitations to perform their daily activities and occupations;
(f) planning and implementing therapeutic programs on an individual and group basis for improving and maintaining physical, cognitive, emotional and social functioning, including through the use of arts and crafts, dance and movement, music and other recreational activities;
(g) identifying and prescribing treatments for conditions affecting the foot, ankle and related structures of the leg due to illness, disease or other physical impairment, and prescribing corrective footwear and advising on foot care to manage foot ailments;
(h) performing minor surgical procedures such as on the foot and ankles.

Examples: Arts therapist, Chiropractor, Dance and movement therapist, Occupational therapist, Osteopath, Podiatrist, Recreational therapist

45Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

451Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

4511Chefs and Related

Chefs design menus, create dishes and oversee the planning, organization, preparation and cooking of meals in hotels, restaurants and other eating places, on board ships, on passenger trains and in private households.

Tasks include:
(a) planning and developing recipes and menus, estimating food and labor costs, and ordering food supplies;
(b) monitoring quality of dishes at all stages of preparation and presentation;
(c) discussing food preparation issues with managers, dieticians, kitchen and waiting staff;
(d) supervising and coordinating the activities of cooks and other workers engaged in food preparation;
(e) inspecting supplies, equipment and work areas to ensure conformity with established standards;
(f) determining how food should be presented, and creating decorative food displays;
(g) instructing cooks and other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing and presentation of food;
(h) participating in the recruitment of kitchen staff and monitoring their performance;
(i) preparing, seasoning and cooking speciality foods and complex dishes;
(j) explaining and enforcing hygiene and food safety regulations.

Examples: Chef, Executive chef, Head chef, Pastry chef, Saucier, Sous-chef

46Professionals in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

461Professionals in ICT — Databases and Networks

4611Database Professionals

Database designers and administrators design, develop, control, maintain and support the optimal performance and security of databases.

Tasks include:
(a) designing and developing database architecture, data structures, tables, dictionaries and naming conventions for information systems projects;
(b) designing, constructing, modifying, integrating, implementing and testing database management systems;
(c) conducting research and providing advice on the selection, application and implementation of database management tools;
(d) developing and implementing data administration policy, documentation, standards and models;
(e) developing policies and procedures for database access and usage and for the backup and recovery of data;
(f) performing the operational establishment and preventive maintenance of backups, recovery procedures, and enforcing security and integrity controls.

Examples: Data administrator, Database administrator, Database analyst, Database architect

4612Network Professionals

Computer network professionals research, analyse, design, test and recommend strategies for network architecture and development. They implement, manage, maintain and configure network hardware and software, and monitor, troubleshoot and optimize performance.

Tasks include:
(a) analysing, developing, interpreting and evaluating complex system design and architecture specifications, data models and diagrams in the development, configuration and integration of computer systems;
(b) researching, analysing, evaluating and monitoring network infrastructure to ensure that networks are configured to operate at optimal performance;
(c) assessing and recommending improvements to network operations and integrated hardware, software, communications and operating systems;
(d) providing specialist skills in supporting and troubleshooting network problems and emergencies;
(e) installing, configuring, testing, maintaining and administering new and upgraded networks, software database applications, servers and workstations;
(f) preparing and maintaining procedures and documentation for network inventory, and recording diagnosis and resolution of network faults, enhancements and modifications to networks and maintenance instructions;
(g) monitoring network traffic and activity, capacity and usage to ensure continued integrity and optimal network performance.

Examples: Communications analyst (computers), Network analyst

4613Systems Administrators

Systems administrators develop, control, maintain and support the optimal performance and security of information technology systems.

Tasks include:
(a) maintaining and administering computer networks and related computing environments, including computer hardware, systems software, applications software and all configurations;
(b) recommending changes to improve systems and network configurations, and determining hardware or software requirements related to such changes;
(c) diagnosing hardware and software problems;
(d) performing data backups and disaster recovery operations;
(e) operating master consoles to monitor the performance of computer systems and networks, and to coordinate computer network access and use.

Examples: Network administrator, Systems administrator (computers)

461NProfessionals in ICT — Databases and Networks, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class includes database and network professionals not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes Information and Communication Technologies security specialists.

Tasks include:
(a) developing plans to safeguard computer files against accidental or unauthorized modification, destruction or disclosure and to meet emergency data processing needs;
(b) training users and promoting security awareness to ensure system security and to improve server and network efficiency;
(c) conferring with users to discuss issues such as computer data access needs, security violations and programming changes;
(d) monitoring current reports of computer viruses to determine when to update virus protection systems;
(e) modifying computer security files to incorporate new software, correct errors or change individual access status;
(f) monitoring use of data files and regulate access to safeguard information in computer files;
(g) performing risk assessments and executing tests of data processing system to ensure functioning of data processing activities and security measures;
(h) encrypting data transmissions and erecting firewalls to conceal confidential information as it is being transmitted and to keep out tainted digital transfers.

Examples: Data miner, Digital forensic specialist, Security specialist (ICT)

462Professionals in ICT — Software

4621Developers, Software

Applications programmers write and maintain programmable code outlined in technical instructions and specifications for software applications and operating systems.

Tasks include:
(a) writing and maintaining program code outlined in instructions and specifications in accordance with quality accredited standards;
(b) revising, repairing or expanding existing programs to increase operating efficiency or adapt to new requirements;
(c) conducting trial runs of programs and software applications to confirm that they will produce the desired information;
(d) compiling and writing documentation of program development;
(e) identifying and communicating technical problems, processes and solutions.

Examples: Applications programmer Software developers research, analyse and evaluate requirements for existing or new software applications and operating systems, and design, develop, test and maintain software solutions to meet these requirements.

Tasks include:
(a) researching, analysing and evaluating requirements for software applications and operating systems;
(b) researching, designing and developing computer software systems;
(c) consulting with engineering staff to evaluate interfaces between hardware and software;
(d) developing and directing software testing and validation procedures;
(e) modifying existing software to correct errors, to adapt it to new hardware or to upgrade interfaces and improve performance;
(f) directing software programming and development of documentation;
(g) assessing, developing, upgrading and documenting maintenance procedures for operating systems, communications environments and applications software;
(h) consulting with customers concerning maintenance of software systems.

Examples: Programmer analyst, Software designer, Software developer, Software engineer

4622Developers, Web and Multimedia

Web and multimedia development professionals combine design and technical knowledge to research, analyse, evaluate, design, program and modify websites and applications that draw together text, graphics, animations, imaging, audio and video displays and other interactive media.

Tasks include:
(a) analysing, designing and developing Internet sites by applying a mixture of artistry and creativity with software programming and scripting languages and interfacing with operating environments;
(b) designing and developing digital animations, imaging, presentations, games, audio and video clips and Internet applications using multimedia software, tools and utilities, interactive graphics and programming languages;
(c) communicating with network specialists regarding web-related issues such as security and hosting websites, to control and enforce Internet and web server security, space allocation, user access, business continuity, website backup and disaster recovery planning;
(d) designing, developing and integrating computer code with other specialized inputs such as image files, audio files and scripting languages, to produce, maintain and support websites;
(e) assisting in analysing, specifying and developing Internet strategies, web-based methodologies and development plans.

Examples: Animation programmer, Computer games programmer, Internet developer, Multimedia programmer, Website architect, Website developer

4623Systems Analysts

Systems analysts conduct research, analyse and evaluate client information technology requirements, procedures or problems, and develop and implement proposals, recommendations, and plans to improve current or future information systems.

Tasks include:
(a) consulting with users to formulate document requirements and with management to ensure agreement on systems principles;
(b) identifying and analysing business processes, procedures and work practices;
(c) identifying and evaluating inefficiencies and recommending optimal business practices and system functionality and behaviour;
(d) taking responsibility for deploying functional solutions, such as creating, adopting and implementing system test plans;
(e) developing functional specifications for use by systems developers;
(f) expanding or modifying systems to improve workflow or serve new purposes;
(g) coordinating and linking the computer systems within an organization to increase compatibility.

Examples: Business analyst (IT), Computer scientist, Information systems analyst, Systems consultant, Systems designer (IT)

462NProfessionals in ICT — Software, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers software and applications developers and analysts not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes those professionals specializing in quality assurance, including software testing.

Tasks include:
(a) developing and documenting software testing plans;
(b) installing software and hardware and configuring operating system software in preparation for testing;
(c) verifying that programs function according to user requirements and established guidelines;
(d) executing, analysing and documenting results of software application tests and information and telecommunication systems tests;
(e) developing and implementing software and information system testing policies, procedures and scripts.

Examples: Quality assurance analyst (computers), Software tester, Systems tester

47Professionals in Production and Related Services

471Professionals in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

472Professionals in Construction and Related

473Professionals in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

474Professionals in Manufacturing and Related

475Professionals in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

4751Air Transportation — Pilots and Related

Aircraft pilots and related associate professionals control the operation of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment, in order to navigate aircraft for transporting passengers, mail and freight and perform related pre-flight and in-flight tasks.

Tasks include:
(a) flying and navigating aircraft in accordance with established control and operating procedures;
(b) preparing and submitting flight plans or examining standard flight plans;
(c) controlling the operation of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment and ensuring that all instruments and controls work properly;
(d) applying knowledge of principles and practices of flying in order to identify and solve problems arising in the course of their work;
(e) examining maintenance records and conducting inspections to ensure that aircraft are mechanically sound, maintenance has been performed and that all equipment is operational;
(f) signing necessary certificates and maintaining official records of flight;
(g) obtaining briefings and clearances before flights and maintaining contact with air traffic or flight control during flight.

Examples: Aerial crop sprayer, Flight engineer, Flying instructor, Navigator (flight), Pilot (aircraft)

4752Water Transportation — Captains, Skippers, and Related

Ships’ deck officers and pilots command and navigate ships and similar vessels, and perform related functions on shore.

Tasks include:
(a) commanding and navigating ship or similar vessel at sea or on inland waterways;
(b) controlling and participating in deck and bridge watch activities;
(c) navigating vessels into and out of ports and through channels, straits and other waters where special knowledge is required;
(d) ensuring safe loading and unloading of cargo and observance of safety regulations and procedures by crew and passengers;
(e) performing technical supervision of maintenance and repair of ships to ensure compliance with specifications and regulations;
(f) applying knowledge of principles and practices relating to ships’ operation and navigation in order to identify and solve problems arising in the course of their work;
(g) ordering ships’ stores, recruiting crew as required and maintaining records of operations;
(h) transmitting and receiving routine and emergency information with shore stations and other ships.

Examples: Pilot (ship), Ship’s captain, Skipper (yacht)

48Professionals in Sales and Services

49Professionals in Other Fields

491Professionals in Religion

4911Religion Professionals

Religious professionals function as perpetuators of sacred traditions, practices and beliefs. They conduct religious services, celebrate or administer the rites of a religious faith or denomination, provide spiritual and moral guidance and perform other functions associated with the practice of a religion.

Tasks include:
(a) perpetuating sacred traditions, practices and beliefs;
(b) conducting religious services, rites and ceremonies;
(c) undertaking various administrative and social duties, including participating in committees and meetings of religious organizations;
(d) providing spiritual and moral guidance in accordance with the religion professed;
(e) propagating religious doctrines in own country or abroad;
(f) preparing and presenting religious sermons;
(g) developing and directing study courses and religious education programs;
(h) counselling individuals regarding interpersonal, health, financial and religious problems;
(i) scheduling and participating in special events such as camps, conferences, seminars and retreats.

Examples: Bonze, Imam, Minister of religion, Poojari, Priest, Rabbi

492Professionals in Social Work

4921Social Work and Counselling Professionals

Social work and counselling professionals provide advice and guidance to individuals, families, groups, communities and organizations in response to social and personal difficulties. They assist clients to develop skills and access resources and support services needed to respond to issues arising from unemployment, poverty, disability, addiction, criminal and delinquent behaviour, marital and other problems.

Tasks include:
(a) interviewing clients individually, in families or in groups, to assess their situation and problems and determine the types of services required;
(b) analysing the client’s situation and presenting alternative approaches to resolving problems;
(c) compiling case records or reports for courts and other legal proceedings;
(d) providing counselling, therapy and mediation services, and facilitating group sessions to assist clients to develop skills and insights needed to deal with and resolve their social and personal problems;
(e) planning and implementing programs of assistance for clients, including crisis intervention and referral to agencies that provide financial assistance, legal aid, housing, medical treatment and other services;
(f) investigating cases of abuse or neglect and taking action to protect children and other persons at risk;
(g) working with offenders during and after sentence to help them to integrate into the community and to change attitudes and behaviour in order to reduce further offending;
(h) providing advice to prison governors and to probation and parole review boards that helps determine whether, and under what conditions, an offender should be incarcerated, released from prison or undergo alternative correctional measures;
(i) acting as advocates for client groups in the community and lobbying for solutions to problems affecting them;
(j) developing prevention and intervention programs to meet community needs;
(k) maintaining contact with other social service agencies, educational institutions and health care providers involved with clients to provide information and obtain feedback on clients’ overall situation and progress.

Examples: Addictions counsellor, Bereavement counsellor, Child and youth counsellor, District social welfare officer, Family counsellor, Marriage counsellor, Parole officer, Probation officer, Sexual assault counsellor, Social worker, Women’s welfare organizer

30Associate Professionals in Business and Public Administration

301Associate Professionals in Accounting, Finance, and Related

3011Accounting Associate Professionals

Accounting associate professionals maintain complete records of financial transactions of an undertaking and verify accuracy of documents and records relating to such transactions.

Tasks include:
(a) maintaining complete records of all financial transactions of an undertaking according to general bookkeeping principles, with guidance from accountants;
(b) verifying accuracy of documents and records relating to payments, receipts and other financial transactions;
(c) preparing financial statements and reports for specified periods;
(d) applying knowledge of bookkeeping principles and practices in order to identify and solve problems arising in the course of their work;
(e) using standard computer software packages to perform accounting and related calculations;
(f) supervising the work of accounts and bookkeeping clerks.

Examples: Accounting assistant, Bookkeeper

3012Actuary, Math, Statistics, and Related Associate Professionals

Statistical, mathematical and related associate professionals assist in planning the collection, processing and presentation of statistical, mathematical or actuarial data and in carrying out these operations, usually working under the guidance of statisticians, mathematicians and actuaries.

Tasks include:
(a) assisting in planning and performing statistical, mathematical, actuarial, and related calculations;
(b) preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for statistical census and survey operations;
(c) performing technical tasks connected with establishing, maintaining and using registers and sampling frames for census and survey operations;
(d) performing technical tasks connected with data collection and quality control operations in censuses and surveys;
(e) using standard computer software packages to perform mathematical, actuarial, statistical, accounting and related calculations;
(f) preparing statistical, mathematical, actuarial, accounting and other results for presentation in graphical or tabular form;
(g) applying knowledge of statistical, mathematical, actuarial, accounting and related principles and practices in order to identify and solve problems arising in the course of their work;
(h) supervising the work of statistical clerks.

Examples: Actuarial assistant, Mathematical assistant, Statistical assistant

3013Credit and Loans Officers

Credit and loans officers analyse and evaluate financial information on applications for credit and loans and determine approval or disapproval of the client for the credit or loan, or recommend to management approval or disapproval.

Tasks include:
(a) interviewing applicants for personal, mortgage, student and business loans;
(b) researching and evaluating loan applicants’ financial status, references, credit and ability to repay the loan;
(c) submitting credit and loan applications to management with recommendations for approval or rejection;
(d) approving or rejecting loan applications within authorized limits ensuring that credit standards of the institution are respected;
(e) keeping records of payments, preparing routine letters requesting payment for overdue accounts and forwarding these for legal action;
(f) completing credit and loan documentation.

Examples: Loans officer, Mortgage officer

3014Finance and Securities Brokers and Dealers

Securities and finance dealers and brokers buy and sell securities, stocks, bonds and other financial instruments, and deal on the foreign exchange, on spot, or on futures markets, on behalf of their own company or for customers on a commission basis. They recommend transactions to clients or senior management.

Tasks include:
(a) obtaining information about the financial circumstances of customers and companies in which investments may be made;
(b) analysing market trends for securities, bonds, stocks and other financial instruments, including foreign exchange;
(c) informing prospective customers about market conditions and prospects;
(d) advising on and participating in the negotiation of terms for, and organization of, loans and placement of stocks and bonds in the financial market to raise capital for customers;
(e) recording and transmitting buy and sell orders for securities, stocks, bonds or other financial instruments and for foreign exchange for future or immediate delivery.

Examples: Foreign exchange broker, Foreign exchange dealer, Securities broker, Stocks and shares broker

3015Valuers and Loss Assessors

Valuers and loss assessors value property and various goods and assess losses covered by insurance policies.

Tasks include:
(a) determining the quality or value of raw materials, real estate, industrial equipment, personal and household effects, works of art, gems and other objects;
(b) assessing the extent of damage or loss and liabilities of insurance companies and underwriters for losses covered by insurance policies;
(c) obtaining records of sales and value of similar items or property;
(d) inspecting items or property to evaluate condition, size and construction;
(e) preparing reports of value, outlining the estimation factors and methods used.

Examples: Appraiser, Claims assessor, Claims inspector, Insurance assessor, Real estate appraiser, Valuer

302Associate Professionals in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

3021Buyers

Buyers buy goods and services for use or resale on behalf of industrial, commercial, government or other establishments and organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) determining or negotiating contract terms and conditions, awarding supplier contracts or recommending contract awards for the purchase of equipment, raw materials, products, services and merchandise for resale;
(b) obtaining information about requirements and stock and developing specifications for quantity and quality to be purchased, costs, delivery dates and other contract conditions;
(c) purchasing general and specialized equipment, materials or business services for use or for further processing by their establishment;
(d) inviting tenders, consulting with suppliers and reviewing quotations;
(e) purchasing merchandise for resale by retail or wholesale establishments;
(f) studying market reports, trade periodicals and sales promotion materials and visiting trade shows, showrooms, factories and product design events;
(g) selecting the merchandise or products that best fit the establishment’s requirements;
(h) interviewing suppliers and negotiating prices, discounts, credit terms and transportation arrangements;
(i) overseeing distribution of merchandise to outlets and maintaining adequate stock levels;
(j) establishing delivery schedules, monitoring progress and contacting clients and suppliers to resolve problems.

Examples: Buyer, Procurement officer, Purchasing agent, Purchasing merchandiser, Supply officer

3022Sales Representatives, Commercial

Commercial sales representatives represent companies to sell various goods and services to businesses and other organizations and provide product specific information as required.

Tasks include:
(a) soliciting orders and selling goods to retail, industrial, wholesale and other establishments;
(b) selling equipment, supplies and related services to business establishments or individuals;
(c) obtaining and updating knowledge of market conditions and of employer’s and competitors’ goods and services;
(d) providing prospective customers with information about the characteristics and functions of the products and equipment for sale, and demonstrating its use or qualities;
(e) quoting prices and credit terms, recording orders and arranging deliveries;
(f) reporting customers’ reactions and requirements to suppliers and manufacturers;
(g) following up clients to ensure satisfaction with products purchased.

Examples: After-sales service adviser, Canvasser, Commercial traveller

3023Sales Representatives, Insurance

Insurance representatives advise on and sell life, accident, automobile, liability, endowment, fire, marine and other types of insurance to new and established clients.

Tasks include:
(a) obtaining information about customers’ circumstances necessary to determine appropriate type of insurance and conditions;
(b) negotiating with customers to determine type and degree of risk for which insurance is required;
(c) explaining details of insurance and conditions, risk coverage premiums and benefits to customers;
(d) assisting clients to determine the type and level of coverage required, calculating premiums and establishing method of payment;
(e) negotiating and placing reinsurance contracts;
(f) advising on, negotiating terms for and placing insurance contracts for large or special types of projects, installations or risks.

Examples: Insurance agent, Insurance broker, Insurance underwriter

3024Trade Brokers

Trade brokers buy and sell commodities and shipping services, usually in bulk, on behalf of their own company or for customers on a commission basis.

Tasks include:
(a) establishing contact between buyers and sellers of commodities;
(b) discussing buying or selling requirements of clients and giving advice accordingly;
(c) buying and selling cargo space on ships;
(d) negotiating purchase or sale of commodities and commodity futures;
(e) finding cargo and/or storage space for commodities and negotiating freight, shipping and storage charges;
(f) monitoring and analysing market trends and other factors affecting the supply and demand for commodities and shipping services.

Examples: Commodities broker, Commodity futures dealer, Shipping broker

303Associate Professionals in Law and Related

3031Legal and Related Associate Professionals

Legal and related associate professionals perform support functions in courts of law or in law offices, provide services related to such legal matters as insurance contracts, the transferring of property and the granting of loans and other financial transactions, or conduct investigations for clients.

Tasks include:
(a) documenting court proceedings and judgements;
(b) serving statements of claims, summonses, warrants, subpoenas and other court orders;
(c) maintaining order in court and hearing rooms;
(d) preparing legal documents including trial briefs, pleadings, appeals, wills and contracts, and preparing papers summarizing legal positions or setting out conditions of loans or insurance;
(e) investigating facts, assembling evidence and researching relevant statutes, decisions and other legal documents to prepare cases;
(f) advising clients on legal matters;
(g) examining documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgements, easements, contracts and maps in order to verify properties’ legal descriptions and ownership;
(h) preparing documents relating to transfer of real estate, stocks or other matters requiring formal registration;
(i) investigating possible cases of theft of goods, money or information from business establishments and of other possible cases of unlawful behaviour by customers or employees;
(j) investigating establishments or the circumstances and behaviour of persons on behalf of clients.

Examples: Bailiff, Judge’s clerk, Conveyancing clerk, Court clerk, Justice of the peace, Law clerk, Legal assistant, Paralegal, Private detective, Title searcher

3032Legal Secretaries

Legal secretaries apply specialized knowledge of legal terminology and procedures in providing support to legal professionals with communication, documentation and internal managerial coordination activities, in law offices, legal departments of large firms and governments.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing and processing legal documents and papers, such as deeds, wills, affidavits and briefs;
(b) reviewing and proofreading documents and correspondence to ensure compliance with legal procedures;
(c) mailing, faxing or arranging for delivery of legal correspondence to clients, witnesses and court officials;
(d) organizing and maintaining documents, case files and law libraries;
(e) screening requests for meetings, scheduling and organizing meetings;
(f) assisting in the preparation of budgets, monitoring of expenditures, drafting of contracts and purchasing or acquisition orders;
(g) supervising the work of office support workers.

Examples: Legal practice manager, Legal secretary

304Associate Professionals in Other Business Services

3041Administrative and Executive Secretaries

Administrative and executive secretaries perform liaison, coordination and organizational tasks in support of managers and professionals and/or prepare correspondence, reports and records of proceedings and other specialized documentation.

Tasks include:
(a) drafting administrative correspondence and minutes;
(b) obtaining, proposing and monitoring deadlines and follow-up dates;
(c) screening requests for meetings, scheduling and organizing meetings and travel arrangements;
(d) assisting in the preparation of budgets, monitoring of expenditures, drafting of contracts and purchasing or acquisition orders;
(e) liaising with other staff about a range of matters relating to the organization’s operations;
(f) writing and answering business or technical letters and other similar correspondence;
(g) preparing verbatim reports of proceedings in legislative assemblies, courts of law or other places, using shorthand or specialized office equipment.
(h) supervising the work of clerical support workers.

Examples: Administrative secretary, Correspondence assistant, Court reporter, Executive assistant, Personal assistant

3042Clearing and Forwarding Agents

Clearing and forwarding agents carry out customs clearance procedures and ensure that insurance, export/import licences and other formalities are in order.

Tasks include:
(a) carrying out customs clearance procedures for exports or imports;
(b) ensuring that insurance is in order;
(c) ensuring that export/import licences and other formalities are in order;
(d) signing and issuing bills of lading;
(e) checking import/export documentation to determine cargo contents, and classifying goods into different fee or tariff groups, using a tariff coding system.

Examples: Clearing agent, Forwarding agent, Shipping agent

3043Conference and Event Planners

Conference and event planners organize and coordinate services for conferences, events, functions, banquets and seminars.

Tasks include:
(a) promoting conferences, conventions and trade shows to potential customers;
(b) responding to inquiries concerning services provided and costs for room and equipment hire, catering and related services;
(c) meeting with clients to discuss their needs and outlining package options to meet these needs;
(d) arranging and coordinating services such as conference facilities, catering, signage, displays, audiovisual and computer equipment, accommodation, transport and social events for participants, and logistical arrangements for presenters;
(e) organizing registration of participants;
(f) negotiating the type and costs of services to be provided within budget;
(g) overseeing work by contractors and reporting on variations to work orders.

Examples: Conference and event organizer, Conference planner, Wedding planner

3044Employment Agents and Contractors

Employment agents and contractors match jobseekers with vacancies, find workers for employers and contract labor for particular projects at the request of enterprises and other organizations including government and other institutions, or find places for jobseekers for a commission.

Tasks include:
(a) matching jobseekers with vacancies;
(b) finding workers for vacant posts against a commission from the employer or worker;
(c) discussing with employers the skills and other characteristics required of the workers to be employed or contracted;
(d) finding workers with appropriate skills, and undertaking the necessary formalities according to national or international regulations and requirements;
(e) ensuring that the employment contracts meet legal requirements and signing them;
(f) advising on training schemes.

Examples: Employment agent, Job placement officer, Labor contractor

3045General Secretaries

Secretaries (general) use typewriters, personal computers or other word processing equipment to transcribe correspondence and other documents, check and format documents prepared by other staff, deal with incoming and outgoing mail, screen requests for meetings or appointments, and perform a variety of administrative support tasks.

Tasks include:
(a) checking, formatting and transcribing correspondence, minutes and reports from dictation, electronic documents or written drafts to conform to office standards, using typewriter, personal computer or other word processing equipment;
(b) using various computer software packages including spreadsheets to provide administrative support;
(c) dealing with incoming or outgoing mail;
(d) scanning, recording and distributing mail, correspondence and other documents;
(e) screening requests for meetings or appointments and helping to organize meetings;
(f) screening and recording staff members’ leave and other entitlements;
(g) organizing and supervising filing systems;
(h) dealing with routine correspondence on their own initiative.

Examples: Secretary, Typing secretary, Word processing secretary

3046Office Supervisors

Office supervisors supervise and coordinate the activities of workers in Major Group 4: Clerical Support Workers.

Tasks include:
(a) coordinating, assigning and reviewing the work of clerks engaged in the following duties: word processing, record keeping and filing, operating telephones and switchboards; data entry, desktop publishing and other activities involving general office and administrative skills;
(b) establishing work schedules and procedures and coordinating activities with other work units or departments;
(c) resolving work-related problems and preparing and submitting progress and other reports;
(d) training and instructing employees in job duties, safety procedures and company policies, or arranging for training to be provided;
(e) evaluating employees’ job performance and conformity with regulations, and recommending appropriate personnel action;
(f) assisting in recruitment, interviewing and selection of employees.

Examples: Clerical supervisor, Data entry supervisor, Filing clerks supervisor, Personnel clerks supervisor

3047Real Estate Agents and Property Managers

Real estate agents and property managers arrange the sale, purchase, rental and lease of real estate and property, usually on behalf of clients and on a commission basis.

Tasks include:
(a) obtaining information about properties to be sold or leased, the circumstances of their owner and the needs of prospective buyers or tenants;
(b) showing properties to be sold or leased to prospective buyers or tenants and explaining terms of sale or conditions of rent or lease;
(c) facilitating negotiations with tenants and owners on rents and fees;
(d) drawing up leasing and sale agreements and estimating costs;
(e) arranging signing of lease agreements and transfer of property rights;
(f) collecting rent and bond monies on behalf of owners and inspecting properties before, during and after tenancies;
(g) ensuring the availability of workers to perform maintenance of the properties.

Examples: Estate agent, Property manager, Realtor, Salesperson (real estate)

304NAssociate Professionals in Other Business Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers business services agents not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes those who establish business contacts, sell business services such as advertising space in the media, arrange contracts for performances of athletes, entertainers and artists, for the publication of books, the production of plays, or the recording, performance and sale of music, sell property and goods by auction and who design and organize package and group tours.

Tasks include:
(a) obtaining information about services to be sold and needs of prospective buyers;
(b) negotiating contracts on behalf of seller or buyer and explaining terms of sale and payment to client;
(c) signing agreements on behalf of seller or buyer and ensuring that the contract is honoured;
(d) making sure that the business service purchased is made available to the buyer in the agreed format at the agreed time;
(e) selling by auction various kinds of property, cars, commodities, livestock, art, jewelry and other objects.
(f) organizing group tours for business or vacation travel and making bulk travel and accommodation bookings.

Examples: Advertising salesperson, Auctioneer, Literary agent, Musical performance agent, Sports agent, Theatrical agent, Tour operator

305Associate Professionals in Public Administration

3051Government Officials, Licensing

Government licensing officials examine applications for licences to export or import goods, set up businesses, build houses or other structures or to obtain passports, determine eligibility of applications for issuing licences or passports, and identify specific conditions or restrictions to be attached to licences issued, referring exceptional or important cases to senior government officials or managers.

Tasks include:
(a) advising individuals on government laws and regulations concerning the type of licence required and the conditions attached to such licences, and on the public’s rights and obligations;
(b) examining applications and relevant documents and determining whether a licence can be granted and the conditions which should be attached;
(c) examining applications and approving the issue of passports;
(d) performing related administrative tasks to process applications, document activities, evaluations and determinations, and to prepare correspondence to inform applicants of licensing decisions;
(e) administering and scoring tests required to license applicants.

Examples: Building permit (licensing) officer, Business permit (licensing) officer, Licensing officer, Passport officer (issuing)

3052Government Officials, Social Benefits

Government social benefits officials examine applications for government, financial or service programs to determine eligibility and amount of benefit or appropriate services, referring exceptional or important cases to senior government officials or managers.

Tasks include:
(a) advising individuals and organizations on government laws, rules and regulations concerning government benefit programs and the determination and disbursement of payments or referral to services, as well as on the public’s rights and obligations;
(b) examining applications and other relevant documents to determine types and amounts of benefit which individuals are eligible to receive;
(c) assessing documentation and interviewing benefit recipients to ensure eligibility for continuing benefits or services;
(d) performing related administrative tasks to maintain client records and prepare reports on determinations regarding eligibility, referral decisions, termination of benefits and abuse or fraud.

Examples: Pensions officer, Social benefits officer, Social security claims officer

3053Government Officials, Tax and Excise

Government tax and excise officials examine tax returns, bills of sale and other documents to determine the type and amount of taxes, duties and other types of fees to be paid by individuals or businesses, referring exceptional or important cases to accountants, senior government officials or managers.

Tasks include:
(a) advising organizations, enterprises and the public on government laws, rules and regulations concerning the determination and payment of taxes, duties and other government fees, and on the public’s rights and obligations;
(b) examining tax returns, bills of sale and other relevant documents to determine types and amounts of taxes, duties and other types of fees to be paid;
(c) investigating filed tax returns and accounting records, systems and internal controls of organizations to ensure compliance with taxation laws and regulations;
(d) performing related administrative tasks to document findings, maintain records and report on actions taken for cases.

Examples: Excise officer, Taxation inspector, Tax officer

3054Inspectors, Borders and Customs

Customs and border inspectors check persons and vehicles crossing national borders to administer and enforce relevant government rules and regulations.

Tasks include:
(a) patrolling national borders and coastal waters to stop persons from illegally entering or leaving the country and from illegally importing or exporting currency or goods;
(b) checking travel documents of persons crossing national borders to ensure that they have the necessary authorizations and certificates;
(c) inspecting the luggage of persons crossing national borders to ensure that it conforms to government rules and regulations concerning import or export of goods and currencies;
(d) examining transport documents and freight of vehicles crossing national borders to ensure conformity with government rules and regulations concerning goods in transit and the import and export of goods, and to verify that necessary payments have been made;
(e) detaining persons and seizing prohibited and undeclared goods found to be in violation of immigration and customs laws;
(f) coordinating and cooperating with other agencies involved in law enforcement, deportation and prosecution;
(g) performing related administrative tasks to record findings, transactions, violations and determinations;
(h) when necessary, testifying in a court of law about the circumstances and results of investigations carried out.

Examples: Border inspector, Customs inspector, Customs officer, Immigration officer, Passport checking officer

3055Inspectors, Police

Police inspectors and detectives investigate facts and circumstances relating to crimes committed in order to identify suspected offenders and obtain information not readily available or apparent concerning establishments or the circumstances and behaviour of persons, mostly in order to prevent crimes.

Tasks include:
(a) establishing contacts and sources of information about crimes planned or committed, in order to prevent crimes or identify suspected offenders;
(b) obtaining and verifying evidence by examining crime and accident scenes for clues and physical evidence, interviewing witnesses and suspects and analysing documents and computer files;
(c) analysing evidence in order to solve crimes, identify criminal activity and gather information for court cases;
(d) establishing contacts and sources of information not readily available or apparent concerning establishments or the circumstances and behaviour of persons, usually with the aim of preventing a crime;
(e) making arrests;
(f) testifying in courts of law or reporting to superiors about circumstances and results of investigations.

Examples: Police detective, Police inquiry agent, Police inspector

305NAssociate Professionals in Public Administration, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers government regulatory associate professionals not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes agricultural, fisheries, forestry, prices, wages and weights and measures inspectors.

Tasks include:
(a) examining places of business to ensure the use of correct weights and measures in trade;
(b) monitoring price regulations to assess appropriateness of costs for goods and services to protect consumer interests;
(c) monitoring wage regulations to ensure appropriate levels of pay for work performed and to assess compliance with employment standards legislation;
(d) performing related investigative and administrative tasks to record findings, document compliance problems or inappropriate business practices and to prepare reports and correspondence.

Examples: Agricultural inspector, Fisheries inspector, Forestry inspector, Prices inspector, Wage inspector, Weights and measures inspector

31Associate Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

311Associate Professionals in Architecture and Design

3111Draftspersons

Draftspersons prepare technical drawings, maps and illustrations from sketches, measurements and other data, and copy final drawings and paintings onto printing plates.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing and revising working drawings from sketches and specifications prepared by engineers and designers for the manufacture, installation and erection of machinery and equipment or for the construction, modification, maintenance and repair of buildings, dams, bridges, roads and other architectural and civil engineering projects;
(b) operating computer-aided design and draughting equipment to create, modify and generate hard-copy and digital representations of working drawings;
(c) operating digitizing table or similar equipment to transfer hard-copy representation of working drawings, maps and other curves to digital form;
(d) preparing and revising illustrations for reference works, brochures and technical manuals dealing with the assembly, installation, operation, maintenance and repair of machinery and other equipment and goods;
(e) copying drawings and paintings onto stone or metal plates for printing;
(f) preparing wiring diagrams, circuit board assembly diagrams and layout drawings used for manufacture, installation and repair of electrical equipment in factories, power plants and buildings;
(g) creating detailed working diagrams of machinery and mechanical devices, including dimensions, fastening methods and other engineering information;
(h) arranging for completed drawings to be reproduced for use as working drawings.

Examples: Draftsperson, Technical illustrator

3112Interior Decorators and Designers

Interior designers and decorators plan and design commercial, industrial, public, retail and residential building interiors to produce an environment tailored to a purpose, taking into consideration factors that enhance living and working environments and sales promotion. They coordinate and participate in their construction and decoration.

Tasks include:
(a) determining the objectives and constraints of the design brief by consulting with clients and stakeholders;
(b) researching and analysing spatial, functional, efficiency, safety and aesthetic requirements;
(c) formulating design concepts for the interiors of buildings;
(d) preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations and plans to communicate design concepts;
(e) negotiating design solutions with clients, management, suppliers and construction staff;
(f) selecting, specifying and recommending functional and aesthetic materials, furniture and products for interiors;
(g) detailing and documenting selected design for construction;
(h) coordinating the construction and the decoration of interiors;
(i) designing and painting stage scenery;
(j) designing and decorating show windows and other display areas to promote products and services.

Examples: Display decorator, Interior decorator, Set designer, Visual merchandiser, Window dresser

312Associate Professionals in Engineering

3121Technicians, Chemical Engineering

Chemical engineering technicians perform technical tasks to aid in chemical engineering research and in the design, manufacture, construction, operation, maintenance and repair of chemical plant.

Tasks include:
(a) assisting in research on and development of industrial chemical processes, plant and equipment, or testing prototypes;
(b) designing and preparing layouts of chemical plants according to the specifications given;
(c) preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for manufacture and installation, according to the specifications given;
(d) monitoring technical aspects of the construction, installation, operation, maintenance and repair of chemical plants to ensure satisfactory performance and compliance with specifications and regulations;
(e) conducting chemical and physical laboratory tests to assist scientists and engineers in making qualitative and quantitative analyses of solids, liquids, and gaseous materials.

Examples: Chemical engineering estimator, Chemical engineering technician

3122Technicians, Civil Engineering

Civil engineering technicians perform technical tasks in civil engineering research and in the design, construction, operation, maintenance and repair of buildings and other structures such as water supply and wastewater treatment systems, bridges, roads, dams and airports.

Tasks include:
(a) performing or assisting with field and laboratory tests of soils and construction materials;
(b) providing technical assistance connected with the construction of buildings and other structures, and with surveys or the preparation of survey reports;
(c) ensuring compliance with design specifications, relevant legislation and regulations, and maintenance of desired standards of materials and work;
(d) applying technical knowledge of building and civil engineering principles and practices in order to identify and solve problems arising;
(e) assisting with the preparation of detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for projects, according to the specifications given;
(f) organizing maintenance and repairs;
(g) inspecting buildings and structures during and after construction to ensure that they comply with building, grading, zoning and safety laws and approved plans, specifications and standards, as well as with other rules concerning quality and safety of buildings;
(h) inspecting industrial plant, hotels, cinemas and other buildings and structures to detect fire hazards and advise on how they can be removed;
(i) advising on the installation of fire detectors and sprinkler systems and the use of materials in the construction of buildings, and means of transportation to reduce risk of fire and extent of damage and danger if fire occurs.

Examples: Building inspector, Building surveyor, Civil engineering technician, Clerk of works, Fire inspector, Fire prevention specialist, Geotechnical technician, Surveying technician

3123Technicians, Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering technicians perform technical tasks to aid in electrical engineering research and in the design, manufacture, assembly, construction, operation, maintenance and repair of electrical equipment, facilities and distribution systems.

Tasks include:
(a) providing technical assistance in research on and development of electrical equipment and facilities, or testing prototypes;
(b) designing and preparing blueprints of electrical installations and circuitry according to the specifications given;
(c) preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for manufacture and installation, according to the specifications given;
(d) monitoring technical aspects of the manufacture, installation, utilization, maintenance and repair of electrical systems and equipment to ensure satisfactory performance and compliance with specifications and regulations;
(e) planning installation methods, checking completed installations for safety and controls or undertaking the initial running of the new electrical equipment or systems;
(f) assembling, installing, testing, calibrating, modifying and repairing electrical equipment and installations to conform with regulations and safety requirements.

Examples: Electrical engineering technician, Electric power transmission engineering technician

3124Technicians, Electronics Engineering

Electronics engineering technicians perform technical tasks to aid in electronic research and in the design, manufacture, assembly, construction, operation, maintenance and repair of electronic equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) providing technical assistance in research and development of electronic equipment, or testing prototypes;
(b) designing and preparing blueprints of electronic circuitry according to the specifications given;
(c) preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for the manufacture and installation of electronic equipment, according to the specifications given;
(d) monitoring technical aspects of the manufacture, utilization, maintenance and repair of electronic equipment to ensure satisfactory performance and ensure compliance with specifications and regulations;
(e) assisting in the design, development, installation, operation and maintenance of electronic systems;
(f) planning installation methods, checking completed installations for safety and controls or undertaking the initial running of the new electronic equipment or system;
(g) conducting tests of electronic systems, collecting and analysing data, and assembling circuitry in support of electronics engineers.

Examples: Electronics engineering technician

3125Technicians, Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering technicians perform technical tasks to aid in mechanical engineering research and in the design, manufacture, assembly, construction, operation, maintenance and repair of machines, components and mechanical equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) providing technical assistance in research on and development of machines and mechanical installations, facilities and components, or testing prototypes;
(b) designing and preparing layouts of machines and mechanical installations, facilities and components, according to the specifications given;
(c) preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for manufacture and installation, according to the specifications given;
(d) monitoring technical aspects of manufacture, utilization, maintenance and repair of machines and mechanical installations, facilities and components to ensure satisfactory performance and compliance with specifications and regulations;
(e) developing and monitoring the implementation of safety standards and procedures for marine survey work in relation to ships’ hulls, equipment and cargoes;
(f) assembling and installing new and modified mechanical assemblies, components, machine tools and controls, and hydraulic power systems;
(g) conducting tests of mechanical systems, collecting and analysing data, and assembling and installing mechanical assemblies in support of mechanical engineers;
(h) ensuring that mechanical engineering designs and finished work are within specifications, regulations and contract provisions.

Examples: Aeronautics engineering technician, Marine engineering technician, Marine surveyor, Mechanical engineering estimator, Mechanical engineering technician

3126Technicians, Metallurgy, Mining, and Related

Mining and metallurgical technicians perform technical tasks to assist in research and experiments related to metallurgy, in improving methods of extracting solid minerals, oil and gas, and in the design, construction, operation, maintenance and repair of mines and mine installations, of systems for transporting and storing oil and natural gas, and for extraction of metals from ores.

Tasks include:
(a) providing technical assistance to aid in research on and development of processes to determine the properties of metals and new alloys;
(b) providing technical assistance in geological and topographical surveys and in the design and layout of oil, natural gas and mineral ore extraction and transportation systems, and processing and refining plants for minerals and metals;
(c) preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for mineral, oil and natural gas exploration, extraction, processing and transport projects;
(d) monitoring technical, regulatory and safety aspects of the construction, installation, operation, maintenance and repair of mineral ore, oil and natural gas exploration, extraction, transport and storage installations and mineral processing plants;
(e) helping plan and design mines, mine shafts, tunnels and underground first-aid facilities;
(f) collecting and preparing rock, mineral and metal samples, performing laboratory tests to determine properties, analysing and reporting test results and maintaining testing equipment;
(g) using microscopes, electromagnetic irradiation machines, spectrometers, spectrographs, densitometers and tension testing machines;
(h) assisting scientists in the use of electrical, sonic, or nuclear measuring instruments in both laboratory and production activities to obtain data indicating potential sources of metallic ore, gas, or petroleum.

Examples: Metallurgical technician, Mines inspector, Mining engineering technician

313Associate Professionals in Sciences

3131Technicians, Life Sciences (excl. Medical)

Life science technicians (excluding medical) provide technical support to life science professionals undertaking research, analysis and testing of living organisms, and development and application of products and processes resulting from research in areas such as natural resource management, environmental protection, plant and animal biology, microbiology, and cell and molecular biology.

Tasks include:
(a) assisting in designing, setting up and conducting experiments;
(b) setting up, calibrating, operating and maintaining laboratory instruments and equipment;
(c) collecting and preparing specimens and samples, chemical solutions and slides and growing cultures for use in experiments;
(d) performing routine field and laboratory tests;
(e) monitoring experiments to ensure adherence to correct laboratory quality control procedures and health and safety guidelines;
(f) making observations of tests and analysing, calculating, recording and reporting test results using appropriate scientific methods;
(g) preserving, classifying and cataloguing specimens and samples;
(h) keeping detailed logs of worked performed;
(i) using computers to develop models and analyse data;
(j) using complex and high-powered equipment to perform work;
(k) participating in the research, development and manufacture of products and processes;
(l) ordering and stocking laboratory supplies;
(m) maintaining relevant databases.

Examples: Bacteriology technician, Biochemistry technician, Herbarium technician, Pharmacology technician, Serology technician, Tissue culture technician, Zoology technician

3132Technicians, Physical Sciences

Chemical and physical science technicians perform technical tasks to aid in research in chemistry, physics, geology, geophysics, meteorology and astronomy, and in the development of industrial, medical, military and other practical applications of research results.

Tasks include:
(a) collecting samples and preparing materials and equipment for experiments, tests and analyses;
(b) carrying out routine laboratory tests and performing a variety of technical support functions to assist chemical and physical scientists in research, development, analysis and testing;
(c) controlling the quality and quantity of laboratory supplies by testing samples and monitoring usage and preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for projects, according to the specifications given;
(d) setting up, operating, and maintaining laboratory instruments and equipment, monitoring experiments, making observations, and calculating and recording results;
(e) preparing materials for experimentation such as freezing and slicing specimens and mixing chemicals;
(f) collecting and testing earth and water samples, recording observations and analysing data in support of geologists or geophysicists.

Examples: Chemistry technician, Geology technician, Meteorology technician, Physics technician

319Associate Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences — Other

319NAssociate Professionals in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers physical and engineering science technicians not classified elsewhere. For instance, the class includes those who assist scientists and engineers engaged in developing procedures or conducting research on safety, biomedical, environmental or industrial and production engineering.

Tasks include:
(a) collecting data and providing technical assistance regarding: efficient, safe and economic utilization of personnel, material and equipment; methods of work and sequence of operations and supervision of their implementation; and efficient layout of plant or establishment;
(b) aiding in the identification of potential hazards and introducing safety procedures and devices;
(c) modifying and testing equipment and devices used in the prevention, control and remediation of environmental pollution, in site remediation and land reclamation;
(d) assisting in the development of environmental pollution remediation devices under the direction of an engineer;
(e) assisting engineers in testing and designing robotics equipment.

Examples: Engineering technician (production), Fire investigator, Forensic science technician, Quantity surveying technician, Robotics technician, Time and motion study technician

32Associate Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

321Associate Professionals in Arts, Entertainment, and Media

3211Fashion and Other Models

Fashion and other models wear and display clothing and accessories and pose for photographs, film and video, advertising, still photography or for artistic creation.

Tasks include:
(a) dressing in sample apparel of new or current styles or of type wanted by customer;
(b) walking, turning and posing to demonstrate, to best advantage, style and characteristics of garments, fashion accessories and other merchandise;
(c) posing as subject for sculpture, painting and other types of visual art;
(d) posing for still photography for magazines and other advertising media;
(e) posing for television, video and cinema commercials and other productions.

Examples: Advertising model, Artist’s model, Fashion model

322Associate Professionals in Culture and Related

3221Technicians, Galleries, Libraries, and Museums

Gallery, museum and library technicians prepare artworks, specimens and artefacts for collections, arrange and construct gallery exhibits, and assist librarians to organize and operate systems for handling recorded material and files.

Tasks include:
(a) mounting and preparing objects for display;
(b) designing and arranging exhibit furnishings, display cases and display areas;
(c) assisting in setting up lighting and display equipment;
(d) receiving, shipping, packing and unpacking exhibits;
(e) ordering new library materials and maintaining library records and circulation systems;
(f) cataloguing printed and recorded material;
(g) entering data into databases and editing computer records;
(h) operating audiovisual and reprographic equipment;
(i) searching and verifying bibliographic data.

Examples: Gallery technician, Library technician, Museum technician, Taxidermist

323Associate Professionals in Recreation and Sports

3231Fitness Instructors, Program Leaders, and Related

Fitness and recreation instructors and program leaders lead, guide and instruct groups and individuals in recreational, fitness or outdoor adventure activities.

Tasks include:
(a) planning and carrying out recreational and fitness activities;
(b) monitoring recreational, sports or fitness activities to ensure safety and provide emergency or first aid assistance when required;
(c) evaluating and monitoring clients’ abilities and fitness and recommending activities;
(d) demonstrating and teaching body movements, concepts and skills used in fitness routines and recreational activities;
(e) instructing in the use of equipment;
(f) explaining and enforcing safety procedures, rules and regulations.

Examples: Aerobics instructor, Fitness instructor, Horse riding instructor, Outdoor adventure guide, Personal trainer, Sailing instructor, Underwater diving instructor

329Associate Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports — Other

329NAssociate Professionals in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers artistic and cultural associate professionals not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 343: Artistic, Cultural and Culinary Associate Professionals. For instance, those who assist directors or actors with staging of theatrical, motion picture, television or commercial productions are classified here.

Examples: Body artist, Floor manager (broadcasting), Lighting technician, Program coordinator (broadcasting), Prompter, Property master (broadcasting), Script-girl/boy, Special effects technician, Stage manager, Stage technician, Stunt artist, Stunt coordinator, Tattooist, Theatre technician, Theatrical dresser, Walker-on

33Associate Professionals in Education

331Associate Professionals in Education

3311Education Methods Specialists

Education methods specialists conduct research and develop or advise on teaching methods, courses and aids. They review and examine teachers’ work, the functioning of educational institutions and the results achieved and recommend changes and improvements.

Tasks include:
(a) researching into current developments in curricula, teaching methods and other educational practices, and advising on necessary changes and possible improvements;
(b) evaluating and advising on contents of courses and methods of examination;
(c) researching into audiovisual and other teaching aids and advising on, planning and organizing their introduction in educational establishments;
(d) documenting subjects and courses developed, and evaluating new courses;
(e) providing ongoing professional development, training and consultative services to teachers;
(f) organizing and conducting workshops and conferences to train teachers in new programs and methods;
(g) developing the structure, content and objectives of new educational courses and programs;
(h) visiting schools periodically and conferring with administrative and teaching staff on questions relating to curricula, teaching methods, equipment and other matters;
(i) visiting classrooms to observe teaching techniques and to evaluate teachers’ performance and scholastic results obtained;
(j) preparing reports and making recommendations to educational authorities concerning possible changes and improvements in curricula, teaching methods, and other matters.

Examples: Curriculum coordinator, Curriculum developer, Education methods specialist, Schools inspector, Teaching aids specialist

3312Information Technology (IT) Trainers

Information technology trainers develop, schedule and conduct training programs and courses for computer and other information technology users outside the mainstream primary, secondary and higher education systems.

Tasks include:
(a) identifying the information technology training needs and requirements of individual users and organizations;
(b) preparing and developing instructional training material and aids such as handbooks, visual aids, online tutorials, demonstration models and supporting training reference documentation;
(c) designing, coordinating, scheduling and conducting training and development programs that can be delivered in the form of individual and group instruction, and facilitating workshop meetings, demonstrations and conferences;
(d) monitoring and performing ongoing evaluation and assessment of training quality and effectiveness, and reviewing and modifying training objectives, methods and course deliverables;
(e) gathering, investigating and researching background materials to gain a full understanding of the subject matter and systems;
(f) keeping up to date with new product version releases, advances in software and general information technology trends, writing end user products and materials such as user training, tutorial and instruction manuals, online help, and operating and maintenance instructions.

Examples: Computer trainer, Software trainer

31NAssociate Professionals in Education, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers teaching professionals not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes those who provide private tuition in subjects other than foreign languages and the arts, and those who provide educational counselling to students.

Tasks include:
(a) assessing students’ level of ability and determining learning needs;
(b) planning, preparing and delivering programs of study, lessons and workshops for individual students and groups;
(c) preparing and presenting material on the theory of the subject area being studied;
(d) instructing and demonstrating practical aspects of the subject area being studied;
(e) assigning exercises and work relevant to students’ level of ability, interests and aptitude;
(f) assessing students and offering advice, criticism and encouragement;
(g) revising curricula, course content, course materials and methods of instruction;
(h) preparing students for examinations and assessments;
(i) counselling students regarding educational issues such as course and program selection, class scheduling, school adjustment, truancy, study habits and career planning;
(j) counselling students to help them understand and overcome personal, social or behavioural problems affecting their education;
(k) preparing students for later educational experiences by encouraging them to explore learning opportunities and to persevere with challenging tasks.

Examples: Literacy tutor (private tuition), Mathematics coach (private tuition), School counsellor, Student adviser

34Associate Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare

341Associate Professionals in Medicine

3411Medical and Dental Prosthetic Technicians

Medical and dental prosthetic technicians design, fit, service and repair medical and dental devices and appliances following prescriptions or instructions established by a health professional. They may service a wide range of support instruments to correct physical medical or dental problems, such as neck braces, orthopaedic splints, artificial limbs, hearing aides, arch supports, dentures, and dental crowns and bridges.

Tasks include:
(a) examining, interviewing and measuring patients in order to determine their appliance needs, and to identify factors that could affect appliance fit;
(b) conferring with medical and dental practitioners in order to formulate specifications and prescriptions for devices and appliances;
(c) interpreting prescriptions or specifications to determine the type of product or device to be fabricated, and the materials and tools that will be required;
(d) making or receiving casts or impressions of patients’ torsos, limbs, mouths or teeth for use as fabrication patterns;
(e) designing and making orthotic and prosthetic devices using materials such as thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, metal alloys and leather, and hand and power tools;
(f) fitting appliances and devices to patients, testing and evaluating them, and making adjustments for proper fit, function and comfort;
(g) repairing, modifying and maintaining medical and dental prosthetic and supportive devices, according to specifications;
(h) bending, forming and shaping fabric or material so that it conforms to prescribed contours needed to fabricate structural components;
(i) fabricating full and partial dentures and constructing mouth guards, crowns, metal clasps, inlays, bridgework and other aids;
(j) instructing patients in the use and care of prosthetic or orthotic devices.

Examples: Dental mechanic, Dental technician, Denturist, Orthopaedic appliance maker, Orthotic technician, Orthotist, Prosthetic technician, Prosthetist

3412Medical and Pathology Laboratory Technicians

Medical and pathology laboratory technicians perform clinical tests on specimens of bodily fluids and tissues in order to obtain information about the health of a patient or cause of death.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting chemical analysis of body fluids, including blood, urine and spinal fluid, to determine presence of normal and abnormal components;
(b) operating, calibrating and maintaining equipment used in quantitative and qualitative analysis, such as spectrophotometers, calorimeters, flame photometers and computer-controlled analysers;
(c) entering data from analysis of laboratory tests and clinical results into record-keeping systems, and reporting results to medical practitioners and other health professionals;
(d) analysing samples of biological material for chemical content or reaction;
(e) setting up, cleaning and maintaining laboratory equipment;
(f) analysing laboratory findings to check the accuracy of the results;
(g) establishing and monitoring programs to ensure the accuracy of laboratory results, and developing, standardizing, evaluating and modifying procedures, techniques and tests used in the analysis of specimens;
(h) obtaining specimens, cultivating, isolating and identifying microorganisms for analysis;
(i) examining cells stained with dye to locate abnormalities;
(j) inoculating fertilized eggs, broths, or other bacteriological media with organisms.

Examples: Blood-bank technician, Cytology technician, Medical laboratory technician, Pathology technician

3413Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Equipment Technicians

Medical imaging and therapeutic equipment technicians test and operate radiographic, ultrasound and other medical imaging equipment to produce images of body structures for the diagnosis and treatment of injury, disease and other impairments. They may administer radiation treatments to patients under the supervision of a radiologist or other health professional.

Tasks include:
(a) operating or overseeing operation of radiologic, ultrasound and magnetic imaging equipment to produce images of the body for diagnostic purposes;
(b) explaining procedures, observing and positioning patients, and using protection devices to ensure safety and comfort during examination, scan or treatment;
(c) positioning imaging or treatment equipment, monitoring video displays, and adjusting settings and controls according to technical specifications;
(d) reviewing and evaluating developed X-rays, videotape, or computer-generated information to determine if images are satisfactory for diagnostic purposes, and recording results of procedures;
(e) monitoring patients’ conditions and reactions, reporting abnormal signs to a medical practitioner;
(f) measuring and recording radiation dosage or radiopharmaceuticals received and used for patients, following prescriptions issued by a medical practitioner;
(g) administering, detecting and mapping radiopharmaceuticals or radiation in patients’ bodies, using radioisotope, camera or other equipment for diagnosing and treating diseases;
(h) recording and disposing of radioactive materials and storing radiopharmaceuticals, following radiation safety procedures.

Examples: Diagnostic medical radiographer, Magnetic resonance imaging technologist, Mammographer, Medical radiation therapist, Nuclear medicine technologist, Radiographer, Sonographer

3494Medical Records and Health Information Technicians

Medical records and health information technicians develop, maintain and implement health records processing, storage and retrieval systems in medical facilities and other health care settings to meet the legal, professional, ethical and administrative record-keeping requirements of health services delivery.

Tasks include:
(a) planning, developing, maintaining and operating a variety of health record indexes and storage and retrieval systems to collect, classify, store and analyse information;
(b) transcribing, compiling and processing patient medical records, admission and discharge documents, and other medical reports into record-keeping systems to provide data for patient monitoring and referral, epidemiological monitoring, research, billing, cost control and care improvement;
(c) reviewing records for completeness, accuracy and compliance with regulations;
(d) translating narrative descriptions and numeric information from medical records and other documents on health services delivery into codes associated with standard classification systems;
(e) protecting the security of medical records to ensure that confidentiality is maintained, and releasing information to authorized persons and agencies in accordance with regulations;
(f) supervising clerical and administrative workers involved in the maintenance of medical records.

Examples: Clinical coder, Disease registry technician, Health information clerk, Medical records analyst, Medical records clerk, Medical records technician, Medical records unit supervisor

342Associate Professionals in Nursing and Midwifery

3421Nursing Associate Professionals

Nursing associate professionals provide basic nursing and personal care for people in need of such care due to effects of ageing, illness, injury, or other physical or mental impairment. They generally work under the supervision of, and in support of, implementation of health care, treatment and referrals plans established by medical, nursing and other health professionals.

Tasks include:
(a) providing nursing and personal care and treatment and health advice to patients according to care plans established by health professionals;
(b) administering medications and other treatments to patients, monitoring patients’ condition and responses to treatment, and referring patients and their families to a health professional for specialized care as needed;
(c) cleaning wounds and applying surgical dressings;
(d) updating information on patients’ condition and treatments received in record-keeping systems;
(e) assisting in planning and managing the care of individual patients;
(f) assisting in giving first-aid treatment in emergencies.

Examples: Assistant nurse, Associate professional nurse, Enrolled nurse, Practical nurse

3422Midwifery Associate Professionals

Midwifery associate professionals provide basic health care and advice before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth. They implement care, treatment and referral plans usually established by medical, midwifery and other health professionals.

Tasks include:
(a) providing advice to women, families and communities on health, nutrition, hygiene, exercise, birth and emergency plans, breastfeeding, infant care, family planning and contraception, lifestyle and other topics related to pregnancy and childbirth;
(b) assessing progress during pregnancy and childbirth, and recognizing signs and symptoms requiring referral to a health professional;
(c) providing delivery care, usually only in the absence of identified potential complications, or assisting medical doctors or midwifery professionals with delivery care;
(d) providing care and support to women and newborns following childbirth, monitoring their health status, and identifying signs and symptoms requiring referral to a health professional.

Examples: Assistant midwife, Traditional midwife

343Associate Professionals in Traditional and Complementary Medicine

3431Traditional and Complementary Medicine Associate Professionals

Traditional and complementary medicine associate professionals prevent, care for and treat human physical and mental illnesses, disorders and injuries using herbal and other therapies based on theories, beliefs and experiences originating in specific cultures. They administer treatments using traditional techniques and medicaments, either acting independently or according to therapeutic care plans established by a traditional medicine or other health professional.

Tasks include:
(a) examining patients and interviewing them and their families to determine their health status and the nature of physical or mental disorders or illnesses or other ailments;
(b) recommending and providing care and treatment for illnesses and other ailments using traditional techniques and medicaments, such as physical manipulation and exercises, blood-letting using natural vessels, and preparations using herbs, plants, insects and animal extracts;
(c) administering treatments such as acupuncture, ayurvedic, homeopathic and herbal medicine according to therapeutic care plans and procedures usually developed by a traditional medicine or other health professional;
(d) providing care and treatment for physical injuries such as setting and healing fractured and dislocated bones using traditional methods of physical manipulation and herbal therapies;
(e) advising individuals, families and the community on health, nutrition, hygiene, lifestyle and other issues to maintain or improve health and well-being;
(f) referring patients to, and exchanging information with, other health care providers to ensure comprehensive and continuing care.

Examples: Acupuncture technician, Ayurvedic technician, Bonesetter, Herbalist, Homeopathy technician, Scraping and cupping therapist, Village healer, Witch doctor

344Associate Professionals in Veterinary Medicine

3441Veterinary Assistants and Technicians

Veterinary technicians and assistants carry out advisory, diagnostic, preventive and curative veterinary tasks, more limited in scope and complexity than those carried out by, and with the guidance of, veterinarians. They care for animals under treatment and in temporary residence at veterinary facilities, perform routine procedures and assist veterinarians to perform procedures and operations.

Tasks include:
(a) advising communities and individuals on the treatment of animals and their diseases and injuries;
(b) conducting examinations of animals to make diagnoses or refer more difficult cases to veterinarians when needed;
(c) treating ill or injured animals, especially for common diseases and disorders;
(d) cleaning and sterilising examination tables and instruments and preparing materials used in the examination and treatment of animals;
(e) carrying out technical tasks connected with artificial insemination of animals;
(f) getting animals ready for examination or treatment and restraining or holding them during treatment;
(g) assisting veterinarians to administer anaesthetics and oxygen during treatment;
(h) placing animals in cages for recovery from operations and monitoring their condition;
(i) producing radiographs, collecting samples, and performing other laboratory tests to assist in diagnosis of animal health problems;
(j) performing routine animal dental procedures and assisting veterinarians with animal dentistry.

Examples: Artificial inseminator, Veterinary assistant, Veterinary nurse, Veterinary vaccinator

349Associate Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare — Other

3491Ambulance Workers

Ambulance workers provide emergency health care to patients who are injured, sick, infirm or otherwise physically or mentally impaired prior to and during transport to medical facilities.

Tasks include:
(a) assessing the health status of persons involved in accidents, natural disasters and other emergency situations, and determining needs for immediate and specialized medical assistance;
(b) performing medical procedures and administering drugs and other therapies according to protocol for emergency medical treatment, including resuscitating and defibrillating patients and operating life-support equipment;
(c) monitoring changes in the health status of patients during transport to and from medical, rehabilitation and other health care facilities;
(d) providing information and training to community groups and essential service workers in first aid for initial care of an illness or injury;
(e) attending and/or patrolling large-scale public gatherings and other events where health emergencies are more likely to occur;
(f) recording information on patients’ conditions and treatments provided in medical record-keeping systems.

Examples: Ambulance officer, Ambulance paramedic, Emergency medical technician, Emergency paramedic

3492Community Health Workers

Community health workers provide health education, referral and follow-up, case management, basic preventive health care and home visiting services to specific communities. They provide support and assistance to individuals and families in navigating the health and social services system.

Tasks include:
(a) providing information to families and communities on a range of health issues including nutrition, hygiene, infant and child care, immunizations, family planning, risk factors and prevention of common infectious diseases, poisoning prevention, first aid for treatment of simple and common ailments, substance abuse, domestic violence and other topics;
(b) visiting families in their homes to provide information on the health, social and other services available and support them in gaining access to these services;
(c) visiting families who do not usually access medical establishments to monitor on a regular basis certain conditions such as progress with pregnancy, child growth and development, and environmental sanitation;
(d) distributing to households medical supplies for the prevention and treatment of endemic diseases such as malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoeal diseases, and instructing family and community members in the use of these products;
(e) conducting outreach efforts to groups who do not usually access medical establishments with information and basic medical supplies for prevention and management of certain health conditions for which they are most at risk, such as HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases;
(f) collecting data from households and communities who do not usually access medical establishments for purposes of patient monitoring and referral and reporting to meet health regulations.

Examples: Community health aide, Community health promoter, Community health worker, Village health worker

3493Dental Assistants and Therapists

Dental assistants and therapists provide basic dental care services for the prevention and treatment of diseases and disorders of the teeth and mouth, according to care plans and procedures established by a dentist or other oral health professional.

Tasks include:
(a) advising communities and individuals on dental hygiene, diet and other preventive measures to reduce potential risks to oral health;
(b) conducting visual and physical examinations of patients’ mouths, teeth and related structures to assess oral health status;
(c) identifying cases of patients with poor oral health or oral disease requiring referral to a dentist or other health professional;
(d) assisting dentists during complex dental procedures;
(e) providing fluoride treatments, cleaning and removing deposits from teeth, preparing cavities and placing fillings, administering local anaesthesia, and performing other types of basic or routine clinical dental procedures;
(f) preparing, cleaning and sterilizing dental instruments, equipment and materials used in the examination and treatment of patients;
(g) getting patients ready for examination or treatment, including explaining procedures and correct positioning;
(h) taking impressions of the mouth and dental radiographs to support diagnosis and fitting of dental prosthetics.

Examples: Dental assistant, Dental hygienist, Dental therapist

3494Dispensing Opticians

Dispensing opticians design, fit and dispense optical lenses based on a prescription from an ophthalmologist or optometrist for the correction of reduced visual acuity. They service corrective eyeglasses, contact lenses, low-vision aids and other optical devices.

Tasks include:
(a) examining and taking facial and eye measurements of clients for fitting of eyeglasses and other optical devices;
(b) providing advice to clients on selection and maintenance of eyeglasses and frames, types of contact lenses and other optical devices for performance, safety, comfort and lifestyle;
(c) interpreting optical prescriptions and preparing work orders for optical laboratories for grinding and mounting of lenses in frames, preparation of contact lenses and other required work;
(d) verifying exactness of finished optical appliances and devices to the original prescription and fit of clients.

Examples: Contact lens optician, Dispensing optician

3495Environmental and Occupational Health Inspectors and Associates

Environmental and occupational health inspectors and associates investigate the implementation of rules and regulations relating to environmental factors that may affect human health, safety in the workplace, and safety of processes for the production of goods and services. They may implement and evaluate programs to restore or improve safety and sanitary conditions under the supervision of a health professional.

Tasks include:
(a) advising employers’ and workers’ representatives on the implementation of governmental and other rules and regulations concerning occupational safety and the working environment;
(b) inspecting places of work to ensure that the working environment, machinery and equipment conform to governmental and other rules, regulations and standards related to sanitation and/or occupational and environmental health and safety;
(c) giving advice on environmental sanitary problems and techniques;
(d) inspecting places of work and, by interviews, observations and other means, obtaining information about work practices and accidents to determine compliance with safety rules and regulations;
(e) inspecting areas of production, processing, transport, handling, storage and sale of products to ensure conformity with governmental and other rules, regulations and standards;
(f) advising enterprises and the general public on the implementation of governmental and other rules and regulations concerning hygiene, sanitation, purity and grading of primary products, food, drugs, cosmetics and similar goods;
(g) inspecting establishments to ensure that they conform to governmental and other rules and regulations concerning emission of pollutants and disposal of dangerous wastes;
(h) initiating action to maintain or improve hygiene and prevent pollution of water, air, food or soil;
(i) promoting preventive and corrective measures such as control of disease-carrying organisms and of harmful substances in the air, hygienic food handling, proper disposal of waste and cleaning of public places;
(j) estimating quantities and costs of materials and labor required for health, safety and sanitation remediation projects;

Examples: Food sanitation and safety inspector, Health inspector, Occupational health and safety inspector, Pollution inspector, Product safety inspector, Sanitarian, Sanitary inspector

3496Medical and Dental Secretaries

Medical secretaries, using specialized knowledge of medical terminology and health care delivery procedures, assist health professionals and other workers by performing a variety of communication, documentation, administrative and internal coordination functions, to support health workers in medical facilities and other health-care related organizations.

Tasks include:
(a) scheduling and confirming medical appointments and communicating messages for medical staff and patients;
(b) compiling, recording and reviewing medical charts, reports, documents and correspondence;
(c) interviewing patients to complete forms, documents and case histories;
(d) completing insurance and other claims forms;
(e) maintaining medical files and records and technical library;
(f) preparing financial statements and billing procedures;
(g) assisting in the preparation of budgets, drafting of contracts and purchasing or acquisition orders;
(h) supervising the work of office support workers and other office staff.

Examples: Dental secretary, Hospital ward secretary, Medical insurance billing secretary, Medical laboratory secretary, Medical office administrative assistant, Medical practice manager, Medical secretary, Medical stenographer, Medical transcriptionist, Pathology secretary, Patient care secretary

3497Medical Assistants

Medical assistants perform basic clinical and administrative tasks to support patient care under the direct supervision of a medical practitioner or other health professional.

Tasks include:
(a) interviewing patients and their families to obtain information on their health status and medical history;
(b) assisting medical doctors and other health professionals to examine and treat patients, including measuring and recording vital signs, administering medications and performing routine clinical procedures such as giving injections and removing sutures;
(c) getting patients ready for examination and treatment, including explaining procedures and showing them to examination rooms;
(d) preparing and handling medical instruments and supplies, including sterilizing instruments and disposing of contaminated supplies in accordance with safety procedures;
(e) collecting blood, tissue or other specimens, and preparing them for laboratory testing;
(f) providing information to patients and families on health care topics including medications prescribed by a medical doctor or other health professional;
(g) providing prescription and drug refill information to pharmacies;
(h) maintaining cleanliness of patient waiting and examination rooms;
(i) recording information on patients’ medical history, diagnostic testing and treatment procedures and results, and other information in medical record-keeping systems;
(j) scheduling appointments with patients, and preparing documentation required for billing, reporting and insurance purposes.

Examples: Clinical assistant, Medical assistant, Ophthalmic assistant

3498Pharmaceutical Assistants and Technicians

Pharmaceutical technicians and assistants perform a variety of tasks associated with dispensing medicinal products under the guidance of a pharmacist or other health professional.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing medications and other pharmaceutical compounds under the guidance of a pharmacist or other health professional;
(b) dispensing medicines and drugs to clients and giving written and oral instructions on their use, as prescribed by medical doctors, veterinarians or other health professionals;
(c) receiving prescriptions or refill requests from health professionals and verifying that information is complete and accurate according to medical record-keeping standards;
(d) maintaining proper storage and security conditions for drugs;
(e) filling and labelling containers with prescribed medications;
(f) assisting clients by answering questions, locating items or referring them to a pharmacist for medication information;
(g) pricing and filing prescriptions that have been filled and establishing and maintaining patient records, including lists of medications taken by individual patients;
(h) ordering, labelling, and counting stocks of medications, chemicals and supplies, and entering inventory data into record-keeping systems;
(i) cleaning and preparing equipment and containers used to prepare and dispense medicines and pharmaceutical compounds.

Examples: Dispensing technician, Pharmaceutical assistant, Pharmaceutical technician

3499Physiotherapy Assistants and Technicians

Physiotherapy technicians and assistants provide physical therapeutic treatments to patients in circumstances where functional movement is threatened by injury, disease or impairment. Therapies are usually provided according to rehabilitative plans established by a physiotherapist or other health professional.

Tasks include:
(a) administering manual treatments such as massage therapy or pressure point therapy;
(b) administering electrical modality treatments, ultrasound and other physical therapies using specialized techniques and equipment;
(c) instructing, motivating, safeguarding and assisting patients as they practise physical exercises, relaxation techniques and functional activities;
(d) conferring with physiotherapists or other health care providers to evaluate patient information for planning, modifying and coordinating treatment;
(e) monitoring and recording patients’ progress during treatment, including measuring their range-of-joint motion and vital signs;
(f) fitting patients for orthopaedic braces, prostheses and other physical support devices such as crutches, and instructing patients in the use of such devices.

Examples: Acupressure therapist, Electrotherapist, Hydrotherapist, Massage therapist, Physical rehabilitation technician, Physiotherapy technician, Shiatsu therapist

349NAssociate Professionals in Healthcare and Welfare, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers health associate professionals not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes occupations such as HIV counsellor, family planning counsellor and other health associate professionals.

Tasks include:
(a) interviewing and examining patients to obtain information on their health status and the nature and extent of injury, illness or other physical or mental health condition;
(b) providing information and counselling to patients and families about certain health conditions, prevention and treatment options, treatment adherence, and personal behaviours that can affect health outcomes;
(c) administering therapeutic care and treatment to patients; (d ) performing certain basic clinical procedures such as administration of HIV antibody tests or insertion of intrauterine devices;
(e) dispensing and advising on dietary supplements, antiretroviral and prophylaxis medications, and other health care products;
(f) monitoring patients’ progress through treatment plans, and identifying signs and symptoms requiring referral to a medical doctor or other health professional;
(g) recording information on patients’ health status and responses to treatment in medical record-keeping systems;
(h) sharing information with other health care providers when required to ensure continuing and comprehensive care.

Examples: Anaesthesia technician, Family planning counsellor, HIV counsellor, Respiratory therapy technician

35Associate Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

351Associate Professionals in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

3511Bartenders and Related

Bartenders prepare, mix and serve alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks directly to customers over a bar or counter, or through waiters.

Tasks include:
(a) taking beverage orders from serving staff or directly from patrons;
(b) preparing and serving alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks at a bar;
(c) washing used glassware, cleaning and maintaining bar service areas, tea- and coffee-making areas and equipment such as espresso machines;
(d) collecting payment for sales, operating cash registers and balancing cash receipts;
(e) tapping kegs and attaching supply lines;
(f) assisting in keeping the bar properly stocked and arranging bottles and glasses;
(g) checking identification of customers to verify age requirements for purchase of alcohol;
(h) taking steps to limit problems related to excessive drinking, such as persuading customers to stop drinking, declining further service or ordering transportation;
(i) mixing ingredients to prepare cocktails and other drinks;
(j) serving snacks or other food items to customers at the bar.

Examples: Barista, Bartender

3512Cooks and Related

Cooks plan, organize, prepare and cook meals, according to recipes or under the supervision of chefs, in hotels, restaurants and other eating places, on board ships, on passenger trains and in private households.

Tasks include:
(a) planning meals, preparing and cooking foodstuffs;
(b) planning, supervising and coordinating the work of kitchen helpers;
(c) checking the quality of food;
(d) weighing, measuring and mixing ingredients according to recipes and personal judgement;
(e) regulating the temperature of ovens, grills, roasters and other cooking equipment; inspecting and cleaning the kitchen, kitchen equipment and serving areas to ensure safe and sanitary food handling practices;
(f) operating large-volume cooking equipment such as grills, deep-fat fryers, or griddles.

Examples: Cook

36Associate Professionals in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

361Associate Professionals in Operations, User Support, and Related

3611Technicians, ICT Operations

Information and Communication Technologies operations technicians support the day-to-day processing, operation and monitoring of Information and Communication Technologies systems, peripherals, hardware, software and related computer equipment to ensure optimal performance and identify any problems.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and controlling peripheral and related computer equipment;
(b) entering commands, using computer terminals, and activating controls on computer and peripheral equipment to integrate and operate equipment;
(c) monitoring systems for equipment failure or errors in performance;
(d) notifying supervisors or maintenance technicians of equipment malfunctions;
(e) responding to program error messages by finding and correcting problems, escalating the problem to other staff or terminating the program;
(f) reading job set-up instructions to determine equipment to be used, order of use, material such as disks and paper to be loaded, and to control settings;
(g) retrieving, separating and sorting program output as needed, and sending data to specified users;
(h) loading peripheral equipment, such as printers, with selected materials for operating runs, or overseeing loading of peripheral equipment by peripheral equipment operators.

Examples: Computer operator, Computer peripheral equipment operator, High-speed computer printer operator

3612Technicians, ICT User Support

Information and Communication Technologies user support technicians provide technical assistance to users, either directly or by telephone, email or other electronic means, including diagnosing and resolving issues and problems with software, hardware, computer peripheral equipment, networks, databases and the Internet, and providing guidance and support in the deployment, installation and maintenance of systems.

Tasks include:
(a) answering user inquiries regarding software or hardware operation to resolve problems;
(b) entering commands and observing system functioning to verify correct operations and detect errors;
(c) installing and performing minor repairs to hardware, software or peripheral equipment, following design or installation specifications;
(d) overseeing the daily performance of communications and computer systems;
(e) setting up equipment for employee use and performing or ensuring proper installation of cables, operating systems or appropriate software;
(f) maintaining records of daily data communication transactions, problems and remedial actions taken, or installation activities;
(g) emulating or reproducing technical problems encountered by users;
(h) consulting user guides, technical manuals and other documents to research and implement solutions;
(i) assisting applications programmers, systems developers and other ICT professionals to develop and test ICT products and services.

Examples: Communications assistant (ICT), Computer database assistant, Computer help desk operator, Computer programming assistant, Computer systems analysis assistant

3613Technicians, Networks and Systems

Computer network and systems technicians establish, operate and maintain network and other data communications systems.

Tasks include:
(a) operating, maintaining and troubleshooting network systems;
(b) operating and maintaining data communications systems other than networks;
(c) assisting users with network and data communications problems;
(d) identifying areas needing upgraded equipment and software;
(e) installing computer hardware, network software, operating system software and applications software;
(f) performing start up and close down as well as backup and disaster recovery operations for computer networks.

Examples: Computer network technician, Network support technician

3614Technicians, Web

Web technicians maintain, monitor and support the optimal functioning of Internet and Intranet websites and web server hardware and software.

Tasks include:
(a) installing, monitoring and supporting the reliability and usability of Internet and Intranet websites or web server hardware or software;
(b) developing and maintaining documentation, policies and instructions, recording operational procedures and system logs;
(c) developing, coordinating, implementing and monitoring security measures;
(d) analysing and making recommendations to enhance performance, including upgrading and acquiring new systems;
(e) liaising with, and providing guidance to, clients and users;
(f) creating and modifying web pages;
(g) performing web server backup and recovery operations.

Examples: Webmaster, Website administrator, Website technician

362Associate Professionals in Programming and Broadcasting

3621Technicians, Programming and Broadcasting

Broadcasting and audiovisual technicians control technical functioning of equipment to record and edit images and sound and for transmitting radio and television broadcasts of images and sounds, as well as other types of telecommunication signals on land, sea or in aircraft.

Tasks include:
(a) controlling equipment to record sound;
(b) controlling equipment to edit and mix image and sound recordings to ensure satisfactory quality and to create special image and sound effects;
(c) applying knowledge of principles and practices of image and sound recording and editing in order to identify and solve problems;
(d) controlling transmitting and broadcast systems and satellite systems for radio and television programs;
(e) controlling radio communications systems, satellite services and multiplex systems on land, sea or in aircraft;
(f) applying knowledge of principles and practices of broadcasting, telecommunications terminals and transmissions systems in order to identify and solve problems;
(g) making emergency repairs to equipment.

Examples: Audiovisual operator, Broadcasting equipment operator, Broadcasting technician, Camera operator (motion picture), Camera operator (video), Production assistant (media)

363Associate Professionals in Telecommunications

3631Technicians, Telecommunications

Telecommunications engineering technicians perform technical tasks connected with telecommunications engineering research, as well as with the design, manufacture, assembly, construction, operation, maintenance and repair of telecommunications systems.

Tasks include:
(a) providing technical assistance connected with research and the development of telecommunications equipment, or testing prototypes;
(b) studying technical material such as blueprints and sketches to determine the method of work to be adopted;
(c) preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labor required for the manufacture and installation of telecommunications equipment, according to the specifications given;
(d) providing technical supervision of the manufacture, utilization, maintenance and repair of telecommunications systems to ensure satisfactory performance and compliance with specifications and regulations;
(e) applying technical knowledge of telecommunications engineering principles and practices in order to identify and solve problems arising in the course of their work.

Examples: Engineering technician (telecommunications)

37Associate Professionals in Production and Related Services

371Associate Professionals in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

3711Technicians, Agriculture and Related

Agricultural technicians perform tests and experiments, and provide technical and scientific support to agricultural scientists, farmers and farm managers.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing materials and equipment for experiments, tests and analyses;
(b) collecting and preparing specimens such as soils, plant or animal cells, tissues or parts of animal organs for experiments, tests and analyses;
(c) assisting with and performing experiments, tests and analyses applying methods and techniques such as microscopy, histochemistry, chromatography, electrophoresis and spectroscopy;
(d) identifying pathogenic micro-organisms and insects, parasites, fungi and weeds harmful to crops and livestock, and assisting in devising methods of control;
(e) analysing produce to set and maintain standards of quality;
(f) conducting or supervising operational programs such as fish hatchery, greenhouse and livestock production programs;
(g) analysing samples of seeds for quality, purity and germination rating;
(h) collecting data and estimating quantities and costs of materials and labor required for projects;
(i) organizing maintenance and repairs of research equipment.

Examples: Dairy technician, Field crop technician, Herd tester, Horticultural technician, Poultry technician

3712Technicians, Forestry and Related

Forestry technicians perform technical and supervisory functions in support of forestry research and forest management, harvesting, resource conservation and environmental protection.

Tasks include:
(a) conducting forest inventories, surveys and field measurements following accepted scientific and operational procedures;
(b) assisting in and performing technical functions in the preparation of forest management and harvest plans using photogrammetric and mapping techniques and computerized information systems;
(c) assisting in planning and supervision of construction of access routes and forest roads;
(d) implementing, supervising and performing technical functions in silvicultural operations involving site preparation, planting, and tending of tree crops;
(e) coordinating activities such as timber scaling, forest fire suppression, disease or insect control or pre-commercial thinning of forest stands;
(f) supervising and performing technical functions in forest harvesting operations;
(g) ensuring adherence to regulations and policies concerning environmental protection, resource utilization, fire safety and accident prevention;
(h) supervising forest tree nursery operations;
(i) providing technical support to forestry research programs in areas such as tree improvement, seed orchard operations, insect and disease surveys or experimental forestry and forest engineering research;
(j) preparing forest cultivation and cutting plans.

Examples: Forestry technician, Silviculture technician

372Associate Professionals in Construction and Related

3721Construction Supervisors

Construction supervisors coordinate, supervise and schedule the activities of workers engaged in the construction and repair of buildings and structures.

Tasks include:
(a) reading specifications to determine construction requirements and planning procedures;
(b) organizing and coordinating the material and human resources required to complete jobs;
(c) examining and inspecting work progress;
(d) examining equipment and construction sites to ensure that health and safety requirements are met;
(e) supervising construction sites and coordinating work with other construction projects;
(f) supervising the activities of building trades workers, laborers and other construction workers.

Examples: Building construction supervisor, Site manager (construction)

373Associate Professionals in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

3731Mining Supervisors

Mining supervisors oversee mining and quarrying operations and directly supervise and coordinate the activities of miners working in underground and surface mines and quarries.

Tasks include:
(a) supervising and coordinating the activities of workers who extract minerals and other natural deposits from the earth, and who operate underground conveyances or heavy equipment in surface mines and quarries;
(b) establishing methods to meet work schedules and recommending measures to mining managers to improve productivity;
(c) working with managerial and technical personnel, other departments and contractors to resolve operational problems and coordinate activities;
(d) providing reports and other information to mining managers about all aspects of mining or quarrying operations;
(e) determining staffing and material needs for the mine or quarry.

Examples: Mine deputy, Mine supervisor, Mine undermanager, Quarry supervisor

374Associate Professionals in Manufacturing and Related

3741Supervisors, Manufacturing and Related

Manufacturing supervisors coordinate and supervise the activities of process control technicians, machine operators, assemblers, and other manufacturing laborers.

Tasks include:
(a) coordinating and supervising the activities of process control technicians, machine operators, assemblers and other manufacturing laborers;
(b) organizing and planning the daily work with regard to plans, economy, staff and environment;
(c) preparing cost estimates, records and reports;
(d) identifying shortage of staff or components;
(e) ensuring safety of workers;
(f) instructing and training new staff.

Examples: Area coordinator (manufacturing), Assembly supervisor, Finishing supervisor, Production supervisor (manufacturing)

375Associate Professionals in Process Control

3751Chemical Processing Plant Controllers

Chemical processing plant controllers operate and monitor chemical plants and related multi-function process control machinery, and adjust and maintain processing units and equipment which distil, filter, separate, heat or refine chemicals.

Tasks include:
(a) operating electronic or computerized control panels from a central control room to monitor and optimize physical and chemical processes for several processing units;
(b) adjusting equipment, valves, pumps, controls and process equipment;
(c) controlling the preparation, measuring and feeding of raw materials and processing agents such as catalysts and filtering media into plant;
(d) controlling process start-up and shut-down, troubleshooting and monitoring outside process equipment;
(e) verifying equipment for malfunctions, carrying out routine operating tests and arranging for maintenance;
(f) analysing sample products, performing tests, recording data and writing production logs.

Examples: Chemical filtering and separating equipment operator, Chemical heat treating plant operator, Chemical process technician, Chemical still and reactor operator

3752Incinerator and Water Treatment Plant Operators

Incinerator and water treatment plant operators monitor and operate computerized control systems and related equipment in solid and liquid waste treatment plants to regulate the treatment and disposal of sewage and wastes, and in water filtration and treatment plants to regulate the treatment and distribution of water.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring computerized control systems, machinery and related equipment in wastewater treatment, sewage treatment, and liquid waste plants to regulate flow, treatment and disposal of sewage and wastes, and in water filtration and treatment plants to regulate the treatment and distribution of water for human consumption and for later disposal into natural water systems;
(b) controlling the operation of multiple-hearth incinerator furnaces and related equipment to burn sludge and solid waste in waste treatment plants;
(c) inspecting equipment and monitoring operating conditions, meters, filters, chlorinators and gauges in central control rooms to determine load requirements, to verify that flows, pressures and temperatures are within specification, and to detect malfunctions;
(d) monitoring and adjusting controls of auxiliary equipment such as exhaust emissions, scrubbers and incinerator heat recovery units;
(e) collecting and testing water and sewage samples for chemical and bacterial content, using test equipment and color analysis standards;
(f) analysing test results to make adjustments to plant equipment and systems to disinfect and deodorize water and other liquids;
(g) performing security and safety checks in plant and on grounds;
(h) completing and maintaining plant logs and reports.

Examples: Incinerator operator, Liquid waste process operator, Pumping-station operator, Sewage plant operator, Wastewater operator, Water treatment plant operator

3753Metal Production Process Controllers

Metal production process controllers operate and monitor multi-function process control machinery and equipment to control the processing of metal converting and refining furnaces, metal-rolling mills, metal heat-treating or metal-extrusion plant.

Tasks include:
(a) coordinating and monitoring the operation of a particular aspect of metal processing production through control panels, computer terminals or other control systems, usually from a central control room;
(b) operating multi-function central process control machinery to grind, separate, filter, melt, roast, treat, refine or otherwise process metals;
(c) observing computer printouts, video monitors and gauges to verify specified processing conditions and to make necessary adjustments;
(d) coordinating and supervising production crew such as machine and process operators, assistants and helpers;
(e) starting up and shutting down the production system in cases of emergency or as required by schedule;
(f) providing and organizing training for members of production crews;
(g) maintaining shift logs of production and other data and preparing production and other reports.

Examples: Blast furnace operator, Central control caster, Rolling mill control operator

3754Oil and Gas Refining Plant Operators

Oil and gas refining plant operators operate and monitor plants and adjust and maintain processing units and equipment which refine, distil and treat petroleum, petroleum-based products and by-products, or natural gas.

Tasks include:
(a) operating electronic or computerized control panels from a central control room to monitor and optimize physical and chemical processes for several processing units;
(b) adjusting equipment, valves, pumps, controls and process equipment;
(c) controlling process start-up and shut-down, troubleshooting and monitoring outside process equipment;
(d) verifying equipment for malfunctions, testing well pipes for leaks and fractures and arranging for maintenance;
(e) analysing sample products, performing tests, recording data and writing production logs.

Examples: Blender operator (oil and gas refining), Gas plant operator, Paraffin plant operator, Petroleum process operator, Refinery process technician, Still operator (oil and gas refining)

3755Power Production Plant Operators

Power production plant operators operate, monitor and maintain switchboards and related equipment in electrical control centers which control the production and distribution of electrical or other power in transmission networks. The equipment operated includes reactors, turbines, generators and other auxiliary equipment in electrical power-generating stations.

Tasks include:
(a) operating, monitoring and inspecting various types of energy-generating power plants;
(b) operating and controlling power-generating systems and equipment including boilers, turbines, generators, condensers and reactors in hydro, thermal, coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power plants to generate and distribute electrical power;
(c) controlling start-up and shut-down of power plant equipment, controlling switching operations, regulating water levels and communicating with systems operators to regulate and coordinate transmission loads, frequency and line voltages;
(d) taking readings from charts, meters and gauges at established intervals, troubleshooting and performing corrective action as necessary;
(e) completing and maintaining station records, logs and reports, and communicating with other plant personnel to assess equipment operating status;
(f) cleaning and maintaining equipment such as generators, boilers, turbines, pumps and compressors in order to prevent equipment failure or deterioration.

Examples: Distribution control operator, Electric power plant operator, Generating station operator, Hydroelectric power plant operator, Nuclear power plant operator, Power system operator, Solar power plant operator

375NAssociate Professionals in Process Control, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers process control technicians not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 313: Process Control Technicians. For instance, the class includes those who operate multiple process control equipment in manufacturing assembly lines and paper and pulp production.

Examples: Automated assembly line operator, Industrial robot controller, Panel board operator (pulp and paper), Paper pulp refinery operator, Pulping control operator, Pulping technician

376Associate Professionals in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

3761Air Transportation — Traffic Controllers

Air traffic controllers direct aircraft movements in airspace and on the ground, using radio, radar and lighting systems, and provide information relevant to the operation of aircraft.

Tasks include:
(a) directing and controlling aircraft approaching and leaving airport and their movement on the ground;
(b) directing and controlling aircraft operating in designated airspace sectors;
(c) examining and approving flight plans;
(d) informing flight crew and operations staff about weather conditions, operational facilities, flight plans and air traffic;
(e) applying knowledge of principles and practices of air traffic control in order to identify and solve problems arising in the course of their work;
(f) initiating and organizing emergency, search and rescue services and procedures;
(g) directing activities of all aircraft and service vehicles on or near airport runways;
(h) maintaining radio and telephone contact with adjacent control towers, terminal control units and other control centers, and coordinating the movement of aircraft into adjoining areas.

Examples: Air traffic controller

3762Air Transportation — Traffic Safety Technicians

Air traffic safety electronics technicians perform technical tasks concerning the design, installation, management, operation, maintenance and repair of air traffic control and air navigation systems.

Tasks include:
(a) carrying out technical duties related to the development of electronic and computerized air navigation systems and equipment, and testing prototypes;
(b) providing technical help in the design and layout of specific interface circuitry of air navigation and aircraft detection tracking systems;
(c) preparing and contributing to the preparation of cost estimates and technical and training specifications for air traffic control and safety equipment;
(d) providing or assisting with the technical supervision of construction, installation and operation of ground-based air navigation equipment and its maintenance and repair to ensure that standards and specifications are met;
(e) applying the knowledge and skills of air traffic safety engineering principles and practices in order to identify and solve problems arising in the course of their work;
(f) developing, modifying and debugging system software;
(g) modifying existing ground-based air navigation systems and equipment to adapt them to new air traffic control procedures, in order to improve capability, reliability and integrity, or to facilitate air traffic control procedures and airspace designation;
(h) controlling, monitoring and certifying communication navigation and surveillance air traffic management equipment, and calibrating the ground-based air navigation system to ensure maximum accuracy and safety of flight, take-off and landing operations;
(i) providing technical training and supervising other workers.

Examples: Air traffic safety engineer, Air traffic safety technician

3763Water Transportation — Crew Members

Ship’s deck crews and related workers carry out deck duties on board ships and similar duties on board other water-borne craft.

Tasks include:
(a) standing look-out watches at sea and when entering or leaving harbour or other narrow waters;
(b) steering ships according to instructions;
(c) handling ropes and wires, and operating mooring equipment;
(d) maintaining and, in some cases, operating ships’ equipment, cargo gear, rigging, lifesaving and firefighting appliances;
(e) performing deck and hull cleaning, scraping, painting and other maintenance duties as required;
(f) breaking out, rigging and stowing cargo-handling gear, stationary rigging and running gear.

Examples: Boatswain, Ferry hand, Sailor, Tug hand

3764Water Transportation — Engineers

Ships’ engineers control and participate in the operation, maintenance and repair of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment and machinery on board ship, or perform related supporting functions on shore.

Tasks include:
(a) controlling and participating in the operation, maintenance and repair of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment and machinery on board ship;
(b) ordering fuel and other engine-room department stores and maintaining records of operations;
(c) performing technical supervision of the installation, maintenance and repair of ships’ machinery and equipment to ensure compliance with specifications and regulations;
(d) inspecting and conducting maintenance and emergency repairs to engines, machinery and auxiliary equipment;
(e) standing engine room watch, monitoring and noting performance of engines, machinery and auxiliary equipment.

Examples: Ships’ engineer

38Associate Professionals in Sales and Services

39Associate Professionals in Other Fields

391Associate Professionals in Religion

3911Religion Associate Professionals

Religious associate professionals provide support to ministers of religion or to a religious community, undertake religious works, preach and propagate the teachings of a particular religion and endeavour to improve well-being through the power of faith and spiritual advice.

Tasks include:
(a) undertaking religious works;
(b) preaching and propagating the teachings of a particular religious faith;
(c) assisting at services of public worship and religious rites;
(d) providing religious education, spiritual guidance and moral support to individuals and communities;
(e) administering and participating in programs to provide food, clothing and shelter to those in need;
(f) advising communities and individuals on proper behaviour and faith to preserve or improve well-being.

Examples: Faith healer, Lay preacher, Monk, Nun

392Associate Professionals in Social Work

3921Social Work Associate Professionals

Social work associate professionals administer and implement social assistance programs and community services and assist clients to deal with personal and social problems.

Tasks include:
(a) collecting information relevant to clients’ needs and assessing their relevant skills, strengths and deficits;
(b) helping persons with disabilities or the elderly to obtain services and to improve their ability to function in society;
(c) assisting clients to identify options and develop plans of action, while providing necessary support and assistance;
(d) assisting clients to identify and access community resources including legal, medical and financial assistance, housing, employment, transportation, assistance with moves, day care and other referral services;
(e) counselling clients living in group homes and half-way houses, supervising their activities and assisting in pre-release and release planning;
(f) participating in the selection and admission of clients to appropriate programs;
(g) providing crisis intervention and emergency shelter services;
(h) implementing life skills workshops, substance abuse treatment programs, behaviour management programs, youth services programs and other community and social service programs under the supervision of social work or health care professionals;
(i) assisting in evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and programs by monitoring and reporting on clients’ progress;
(j) maintaining contact with other social service agencies, schools and health care providers involved with clients to provide information and obtain feedback on clients’ overall situation and progress.

Examples: Community development worker, Community services worker, Crisis intervention worker, Disability services worker, Family services worker, Life skills instructor, Mental health support worker, Welfare support worker, Women’s shelter supervisor, Youth services worker

20Skilled Workers in Business and Public Administration

201Skilled Workers in Accounting, Finance, and Related

2011Clerks, Accounting and Bookkeeping

Accounting and bookkeeping clerks compute, classify, and record numerical data to keep financial records complete. They perform any combination of routine calculating, posting and verifying duties to obtain primary financial data for use in maintaining accounting records.

Tasks include:
(a) checking figures, postings and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy and proper codes;
(b) operating computers programd with accounting software to record, store and analyse information;
(c) classifying, recording and summarizing numerical and financial data to compile and keep financial records, using journals and ledgers or computers;
(d) calculating, preparing and issuing bills, invoices, account statements and other financial statements according to established procedures.
(e) compiling statistical, financial, accounting or auditing reports and tables pertaining to such matters as cash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, and profits and losses.

Examples: Accounts clerk, Bookkeeping clerk, Cost computing clerk

2012Clerks, Finance, Insurance, and Statistics

Statistical, finance and insurance clerks obtain, compile and compute statistical or actuarial data or perform clerical tasks relating to the transactions of insurance establishments, banks and other financial establishments.

Tasks include:
(a) processing insurance enrolments, cancellations, claims transactions, policy changes and payments;
(b) obtaining and compiling statistical or actuarial data based on routine or special sources of information;
(c) calculating totals, averages, percentages and other details and presenting them in the required tabular form;
(d) preparing financial documents, and calculating interest or brokerage charges and stamp duties payable;
(e) maintaining records of bonds, shares and other securities bought or sold on behalf of clients or employers.

Examples: Actuarial clerk, Brokerage clerk, Finance clerk, Insurance clerk, Mortgage clerk, Securities clerk, Statistical clerk

2013Clerks, Payroll

Payroll clerks collect, verify and process payroll information and compute pay and benefit entitlements for employees within a department, company or other establishment.

Tasks include:
(a) maintaining records of employee attendance, leave and overtime to calculate pay and benefit entitlements, using manual or computerized systems;
(b) preparing and verifying statements of earnings for employees, indicating gross and net salaries and deductions such as taxes, union dues, garnishments and insurance and pension plans;
(c) preparing employee payments and benefit payments by cheque or electronic transfer;
(d) reviewing time sheets, work charts, wage computation and other information to detect and reconcile payroll discrepancies;
(e) verifying attendance, hours worked and pay adjustments, and posting information into designated records.

Examples: Wages clerk

2014Debt Collectors and Related

Debt collectors and related workers collect payments on overdue accounts and bad cheques and collect charity payments.

Tasks include:
(a) tracing and locating debtors;
(b) telephoning, visiting or writing to customers to collect money or arrange for later payments;
(c) preparing reports including amounts collected, and maintaining records and files related to collection work;
(d) recommending legal action or discontinuation of service when payment cannot be otherwise obtained;
(e) asking for and collecting charity payments.

Examples: Bill and account collector, Charity collector, Debt collector

2015Money-Lenders and Pawnbrokers

Pawnbrokers and money-lenders lend money against articles deposited as pledges, or against property or other security.

Tasks include:
(a) evaluating articles offered as pledges, calculating interest, and lending money;
(b) returning articles when the loan is paid or, in the event of non-payment, selling pledged articles;
(c) lending money as personal loans against success of future harvest and other similar undertakings;
(d) collecting loans when the pledge involved the success of future harvest and other similar undertakings;
(e) keeping a record of items received and money distributed and received.;

Examples: Money-lender, Pawnbroker

202Skilled Workers in Advertising, Marketing, Public Relations (PR), and Sales

2021Survey and Market Research Interviewers

Survey and market research interviewers interview people and record their responses to survey and market research questions on a range of topics.

Tasks include:
(a) contacting individuals by telephone or in person and explaining the purpose of the interview;
(b) asking questions following the outlines of questionnaires and surveys;
(c) recording responses on paper or entering responses directly into a computer database through computer-assisted interviewing systems;
(d) identifying and resolving inconsistencies in responses;
(e) providing feedback to survey sponsors concerning problems in obtaining valid data.

Examples: Market research interviewer, Public opinion interviewer, Survey interviewer

203Skilled Workers in Law and Related

204Skilled Workers in Other Business Services

2041Clerks, Coding, Proofreading, and Related

Coding, proofreading and related clerks convert information into codes, verify and correct proofs, and perform a number of miscellaneous clerical duties.

Tasks include:
(a) converting information into codes and classifying information by codes for data-processing purposes;
(b) comparing proofs of texts and related material prepared for printing with original material, correcting errors and marking texts for printer according to the established rules;
(c) sorting forms and marking them with identification numbers;
(d) sorting documents for filing or to collate sets of pages;
(e) addressing circulars and envelopes by hand.

Examples: Coding clerk, Proofreading clerk

2042Clerks, Copying and Filing

Filing and copying clerks file correspondence, cards, invoices, receipts and other records in alphabetical or numerical order or according to the filing system used. They locate and remove material from file when requested and photocopy, scan or fax documents.

Tasks include:
(a) sorting or classifying materials according to guidelines such as content, purpose, user criteria, or chronological, alphabetical or numerical order;
(b) filing material in drawers, cabinets and storage boxes;
(c) locating and remove materials from files when requested;
(d) keeping records of materials filed and removed;
(e) photocopying, scanning or faxing documents.

Examples: Copying clerk, Filing clerk

2043Clerks, Data Entry

Data entry clerks enter coded, statistical, financial and other numerical data into electronic equipment, computerized databases, spreadsheets or other data repositories using a keyboard, mouse, or optical scanner, speech recognition software or other data entry tools. They enter data into mechanical and electronic devices to perform mathematical calculations.

Tasks include:
(a) receiving and registering invoices, forms, records and other documents for data capture;
(b) entering numerical data, codes and text from source material into computer-compatible storage and processing devices;
(c) verifying accuracy and completeness of data and correcting entered data, if needed;
(d) operating bookkeeping and calculating machines;
(e) importing and exporting data between different database systems and software.

Examples: Data entry operator, Data input clerk, Payment entry clerk

2044Clerks, General Office

General office clerks perform a range of clerical and administrative tasks according to established procedures.

Tasks include:
(a) recording, preparing, sorting, classifying and filing information;
(b) sorting, opening and sending mail;
(c) photocopying and faxing documents;
(d) preparing reports and correspondence of a routine nature;
(e) recording issue of equipment to staff;
(f) responding to telephone or electronic inquiries or forwarding to appropriate person;
(g) checking figures, preparing invoices and recording details of financial transactions made;
(h) transcribing information onto computers, and proofreading and correcting copy.

Examples: General office clerk, Office clerk

2045Clerks, Personnel

Personnel clerks maintain and update personnel records such as information on transfers and promotions, performance evaluations, employee leave taken and accumulated, salaries, qualifications and training.

Tasks include:
(a) updating information on employment history, salaries, performance evaluations, qualifications and training, and leave taken and accumulated;
(b) initiating records for newly appointed workers and checking records for completeness;
(c) processing applications for employment and promotions and advising applicants of results;
(d) receiving and answering inquiries about employment entitlements and conditions;
(e) sending out job applications and announcements of job openings and job examinations;
(f) maintaining and updating manual and computerized filing and registration systems, and compiling and preparing reports and documents relating to personnel activities;
(g) storing and retrieving personnel records and files on request.

204NSkilled Workers in Other Business Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers clerical support workers not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes correspondence clerks, press clippers and publication clerks.

Tasks include:
(a) receiving customers’ orders for classified advertising, writing and editing copy, calculating advertising rates and billing customers;
(b) writing business and government correspondence such as replies to requests for information and assistance, damage claims, credit and billing inquiries and service complaints;
(c) assisting in the preparation of periodicals, advertisements, catalogues, directories and other material for publication;
(d) reading newspapers, magazines, press releases and other publications to locate and file articles of interest to staff and clients.

Examples: Advertising clerk, Correspondence clerk, Directory compiler, Press clipper, Publication clerk

21Skilled Workers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

22Skilled Workers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, Sports

221Skilled Workers in Arts and Related

2211Handicraft Workers, Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders, and Finishers

Glass makers, cutters, grinders and finishers blow, mould, press, cut, trim, grind and polish glass, and shape molten glass according to patterns.

Tasks include:
(a) heating glass to pliable stage using gas flames or ovens, and rotating glass to heat it uniformly;
(b) blowing and bending glass tubing into specified shapes to form scientific apparatus such as flasks, retorts and pipettes;
(c) grinding and polishing glass objects or parts to correct defects or to prepare surfaces for further finishing and smoothening and polishing rough edges, using belt sanders or polishing wheels;
(d) examining glass stock and finished products and marking or discarding items with defects such as spots, stains, scars, snags, chips, scratches or unacceptable shapes or finishes;
(e) reading work orders to determine dimensions, cutting locations and quantities to cut;
(f) observing gauges, computer printouts and video monitors to verify specified processing conditions and make adjustments as necessary;
(g) positioning patterns or drawings on glass, measuring dimensions, and marking cutting lines, using glass cutting tools and cutting glass along marked outlines or around pattern;
(h) setting up, operating and adjusting computerized or robotic glass cutting equipment;
(i) inspecting, weighing and measuring products to verify conformity with specifications, using instruments such as micrometers, callipers, magnifiers and rulers;
(j) regulating oven temperatures according to glass types to be processed;
(k) transferring patterns for individual stained glass parts from full size drawings to pattern paper, using stylus to trace drawings;
(l) spraying silver solution on glass to provide mirrored surface, using spray guns;
(m) laying out cutting and grinding optical and other glass to specified dimensions and weight for moulding into lens blanks and for use as watch crystals.

Examples: Glass blower, Glass cutter, Glass finisher, Glass grinder

2212Handicraft Workers, Jewelry and Precious Metal Workers

Jewelry and precious metal workers design, fabricate, adjust, repair or appraise jewelry, ceremonial or religious items, gold, silver, other precious metals or gems. They cut, file, polish and set precious and semi-precious stones including gems and diamonds, and engrave designs on jewelry and precious metal articles. They cut and polish diamonds for industrial purposes.

Tasks include:
(a) casting jewelry and other non-ferrous metal articles by hand;
(b) creating new jewelry designs and modifying existing designs, using computers as necessary;
(c) cutting designs in moulds or other materials to be used as models in the fabrication of metal and jewelry products;
(d) altering existing jewelry mountings in order to reposition jewels or to adjust mountings;
(e) repairing, reshaping and restyling old jewelry or precious metal ware following designs or instructions;
(f) making complete jewelry articles such as rings, necklaces, bangles, brooches and bracelets from materials such as gold, silver, platinum and precious or semi-precious stones;
(g) examining gem surfaces and internal structures, using polariscopes, refractometers, microscopes and other optical instruments to differentiate between stones, to identify rare specimens, or to detect flaws, defects or peculiarities affecting gem values;
(h) cutting and polishing gems and setting them in jewelry articles;
(i) engraving or embossing letters, designs or decorative lines on jewelry and precious metal ware;
(j) grinding, drilling and finishing jewel bearings for use in precision instruments such as compasses and chronometers;
(k) examining assembled or finished products to ensure conformity with specifications, using magnifying glasses or precision measuring instruments.

Examples: Enameller (jewelry), Gem setter, Goldsmith, Jeweller, Silversmith

2213Handicraft Workers, Musical Instrument Makers and Tuners

Musical instrument makers and tuners make, assemble, repair, adjust and restore musical instruments and tune them to the required pitch with hand or power tools. They usually specialize in one type of instrument, such as stringed instruments, brass instruments, reed instruments, pianos or percussion instruments.

Tasks include:
(a) fabricating and assembling musical instruments and instrument parts of wood, ebonite, metal, leather and other materials;
(b) repairing or replacing musical instrument parts and components such as strings, bridges, felts and keys, using hand and power tools;
(c) playing and inspecting instruments to evaluate their sound quality and to locate any defects;
(d) adjusting string tensions to achieve proper tone or pitch of stringed instruments;
(e) adjusting lips, reeds, or toe holes of organ pipes, using hand tools, to regulate airflow and loudness of sound;
(f) tuning and servicing pipe organs by adjusting pitch of organ A pipes to conform with pitch of the tuning fork and adjusting pitch of other pipes with reference to pitch of tuned pipes;
(g) installing new drumheads in percussion instruments;
(h) tuning accordions by aurally comparing pitch of reeds with master reeds and filing reeds to obtain standard pitch;
(i) aligning pads and keys on reed or wind instruments;
(j) tuning percussion instruments to required pitch by tightening or loosening cords holding leather pieces fixed atop or at both ends of the instrument;
(k) assembling and installing new pipe organs and pianos in buildings.

Examples: Brass instrument repairer, Piano tuner, Stringed instrument maker, Woodwind instrument maker

2214Handicraft Workers, Potters and Related Workers

Potters and related workers prepare pottery, porcelain ware, sanitary ware, bricks, tiles and abrasive wheels by hand or by machine.

Tasks include:
(a) making articles of pottery and porcelain;
(b) making clay or plaster-of-paris moulds;
(c) reading technical drawings to know customer’s requirements;
(d) forming articles on the potter’s wheel by pressing thumbs into centers of revolving clay to form hollows, and pressing on the inside and outside of emerging clay cylinders with hands and fingers, gradually raising and shaping clay to desired forms and sizes;
(e) adjusting wheel speeds according to the feel of the clay as pieces enlarge and walls become thinner;
(f) operating jigger machines to form ceramic ware such as bowls, cups, plates and saucers;
(g) adjusting and setting controls of pug mills that mix, extrude, cut, and deposit clay charges in or over moulds as specified;
(h) smoothening surfaces of finished pieces, using rubber scrapers and wet sponges;
(i) forming abrasive wheels by moulding and pressing an abrasive mixture by hand or by machine;
(j) examining finished ware for defects and verifying accuracy of shapes and sizes of objects, using callipers and templates;
(k) preparing work for sale or exhibition, and maintaining relationships with retail, pottery, art and resource networks that can facilitate sale or exhibition of work.

Examples: Abrasive wheel moulder, Brick and tile moulder, Potter, Pottery and porcelain caster, Pottery and porcelain modeller

2215Handicraft Workers, Precision Instrument Makers and Repairers

Precision-instrument makers and repairers make, calibrate, repair, maintain, adjust and install mechanical watches and clocks, and nautical, meteorological, optical and other precision instruments and equipment, and set them for correct performance.

Tasks include:
(a) repairing, cleaning and adjusting mechanisms of timing instruments such as watches and clocks;
(b) adjusting timing regulators, using calipers, watch-rate recorders and tweezers;
(c) cleaning, rinsing and drying timepiece parts, using solutions and ultrasonic or mechanical watch-cleaning machines;
(d) testing timepiece accuracy and performance, using meters and other electronic instruments;
(e) testing accuracy of meters, gauges, indicators, or other recording or controlling instruments to locate defective components and for conformity with standards;
(f) calibrating instruments or scales, using hand tools, computer or electronic devices;
(g) inspecting components, connections and drive mechanisms to detect defects;
(h) assembling instruments and devices such as barometers, control valves, gyroscopes, hygrometers, speedometers, tachometers and thermostats;
(i) testing, calibrating and adjusting electronic, mercurial, aneroid and other types of meteorological instruments for compliance with printed specifications and schematic diagrams, using voltmeters, oscilloscopes, tube testers and other test instruments;
(j) adjusting and repairing masts, supporting structures, clearance lights, control panels, control cabling and wiring, and other electrical and mechanical devices;
(k) repairing and setting optical instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, theodolites and sextants;
(l) checking whether assembled units conform to specifications and ensuring stipulated performance and sensitivity by standard tests.

Examples: Instrument/meteorological maker, Photographic equipment repairer, Surgical instrument maker, Watchmaker

2216Handicraft Workers, Signwriters, Decorative Painters, Engravers, and Etchers

Signwriters, decorative painters, engravers and etchers decorate articles made of wood, metal, textiles, glass, ceramics and other materials. They plan, lay out and paint letters, figures, monograms and designs to make signs and engrave and etch ornamental and floral designs on glass and other articles.

Tasks include:
(a) painting decorative freehand designs on objects such as pottery, glass, cigarette cases or lampshades;
(b) transferring decorative or ornamental designs onto articles from paper transfers;
(c) integrating and developing visual elements, such as line, space, mass, color and perspective, in order to produce desired effects such as the illustration of ideas, emotions or moods;
(d) laying out and painting in one or more languages letters, figures, monograms and designs to make signs;
(e) sketching or tracing designs or lettering onto work pieces or pattern materials to prepare patterns or stencils;
(f) designing patterns or lettering to paint work pieces such as signs, glassware, pottery or zinc plates;
(g) using software and routing equipment to produce three-dimensional carved images for application onto larger signage as well as engraved and inlaid signs;
(h) designing and producing normal flat cut lettering, or lettering that is shadowed with applied vinyl, or lettering that is ready cut for application;
(i) writing, painting or printing signs or show cards used for display or other purposes;
(j) cutting out letters and signs for display purposes from wallboard or cardboard, by hand or machines such as electrically powered jigsaws or bandsaws;
(k) examining sketches, diagrams, samples, blueprints or photographs to decide how designs are to be etched, cut or engraved onto work pieces;
(l) measuring and computing dimensions of lettering, designs or patterns to be engraved;
(m) engraving and printing patterns, ornamental designs, etchings, trademarks, figures or lettering onto flat or curved surfaces of a wide variety of metal, glass, plastic, or ceramic items;
(n) etching decorative designs, calibration markings and other figures on glass articles.

Examples: Decorative painter, Glass enameller, Glass engraver, Glass etcher, Signwriter

2217Handicraft Workers, Textile, Leather, and Related Materials

Handicraft workers in textile, leather and related materials apply traditional techniques and patterns to produce woven fabrics, knitted, embroidered, woven and other garments and articles for household use, as well as traditional footwear, handbags, belts and other accessories.

Tasks include:
(a) spinning and dyeing with natural dyestuffs, wool, cotton and other fibres;
(b) lace-making, and weaving, knitting or embroidering various garments and articles for household use;
(c) preparing and dyeing hides with natural dyestuffs and making traditional footwear or handbags, belts and other accessories;
(d) spinning and winding yarn by hand;
(e) drawing warp threads into looms by hand;
(f) weaving plain or figured cloth, tapestry, lace, carpets or other fabrics on hand looms;
(g) making carpets by using a knotting technique;
(h) knitting garments and other articles on hand-operated machines or by hand;
(i) crocheting or making braid by hand;
(j) making nets by hand;
(k) grading and classifying natural textile fibres;
(l) washing wool fibres;
(m) cleaning and fluffing textile fibres;
(n) forming fibres into sliver, combing them, combining sliver into sliver laps or forming sliver into rove.

Examples: Carpets handicraft worker, Carpet weaver, Cloth weaver, Knitter, Leather handicraft worker, Loom threader, Textile fibre comber, Textile fibre drawer, Textile fibre rover, Textiles handicraft worker, Thread and yarn spinner

2218Handicraft Workers, Wood, Basketry, and Related Materials

Handicraft workers in wood, basketry and related materials apply traditional techniques such as seasoning or impregnation to prepare wood, straw, rattan, reeds, clay, shells and other materials, and carve, mould, assemble, weave or paint and decorate various articles for personal or household use or for decorative purposes. Basketry weavers, brush makers and related workers select and prepare materials such as bristles, nylon, fibre, bass, whisker and wire to make wicker furniture, brushes and brooms, and to weave various kinds of baskets.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing wood, straw, rattan, reeds, shells or similar materials;
(b) carving floral and artistic designs on wooden surfaces for decorative purposes;
(c) painting freehand decorative designs on glass and pottery or porcelain ware;
(d) carving, assembling, weaving, painting and decorating various articles for personal or household use such as salad bowls, serving spoons, cutting-boards, trays, vases, jugs, baskets, straw hats, straw mats and similar objects;
(e) carving, assembling, weaving and painting various decorative articles such as statues and other sculptures, chess pieces, jewelry and similar objects;
(f) making wicker furniture from peeled and softened rattan, reeds, rushes, willow branches and similar materials;
(g) making various kinds of baskets by interlacing osier, rattan, reeds, rushes and similar materials;
(h) forming bottoms of baskets by interlacing strips of rattan, wood veneer or other materials with frameworks of rods of material such as willow;
(i) inserting rods around bottom edges between woven sections of bottom and bending them upright to serve as framework for sides;
(j) selecting and preparing brush materials such as bristles, nylon, fibres and wire, and setting them in brush base;
(k) selecting and preparing materials such as broom corn, bass, whisker and fibre, and fastening them to broom handles.

Examples: Basket maker, Brush maker, Reed weaving handicraft worker, Wicker furniture maker, Wooden articles handicraft worker

221NHandicraft Workers, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers handicraft workers who perform traditional handicrafts not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes traditional handicraft workers in non-precious metals and stone.

Examples: Candle-maker (handicraft), Metal toymaker, Stone articles handicraft worker

222Skilled Workers in Culture and Related

2221Clerks, Libraries

Library clerks issue and receive library materials, sort and shelve books, sound and vision recordings, periodicals, journals, magazines and newspapers and provide general library information to library users.

Tasks include:
(a) issuing and receiving library books and other materials;
(b) placing books and other library materials on shelves;
(c) performing clerical activities such as manual and electronic filing, word processing and occasional typing;
(d) maintaining journal subscriptions;
(e) assisting library users in accessing basic library materials and making interlibrary loans;
(f) maintaining library records relating to the acquisition, issue and return of books and other materials.

Examples: Library clerk, Library filer

223Skilled Workers in Entertainment and Related

2231Bookmakers, Croupiers, and Related

Bookmakers and croupiers and related gaming workers determine odds and receive and pay off bets on results of sporting or other events, or conduct games of chance in gambling establishments.

Tasks include:
(a) determining risks to decide odds and to hedge or refuse bets;
(b) preparing and issuing lists of approximate odds;
(c) distributing cards, rolling dice or spinning a roulette wheel:
(d) explaining and interpreting operating rules of a gambling establishment;
(e) announcing winning numbers, paying winners and collecting payments from losers;

Examples: Bookmaker, Croupier

224Skilled Workers in Media, Recreation and Sports

23Skilled Workers in Education

231Skilled Workers in Education

2311Child Care Workers

Child care workers provide care and supervision for children in residential homes and in before-school, after-school, vacation and day care centers.

Tasks include:
(a) assisting children to wash, dress and feed themselves;
(b) taking children to and from school or outdoors for recreation;
(c) playing games with children, or entertaining them by reading or storytelling;
(d) assisting in the preparation of materials and equipment for children’s education and recreational activities;
(e) managing children’s behaviour and guiding their social development;
(f) disciplining children and recommending or initiating other measures to control behaviour, such as caring for own clothing and picking up toys and books;
(g) observing and monitoring children’s play activities;
(h) keeping records on individual children, including daily observations and information about activities, meals served and medications administered.

Examples: Babysitter, Child care worker, Creche ayah, Family day care worker, Nanny, Out of school hours care worker

2312Driving Instructors

Driving instructors teach people how to drive motor vehicles.

Tasks include:
(a) instructing students under actual driving conditions, and explaining and demonstrating the operation of brakes, clutch, gear selection, automatic transmission, signals and lights;
(b) teaching road traffic regulations;
(c) teaching road craft and road safety;
(d) advising students when they are ready to undergo driving examination;
(e) advising on and teaching advanced driving techniques required for emergency situations;
(f) illustrating and explaining handling and mechanical operation of motor vehicles and driving techniques, using blackboard diagrams and audiovisual aids.

Examples: Driving instructor

2313Teaching Assistants

Teachers’ aides perform non-teaching duties to assist teaching staff, and provide care and supervision for children in schools and pre-schools.

Tasks include:
(a) demonstrating, supervising and participating in activities that enhance the physical, social, emotional and intellectual development of children in schools and pre-schools;
(b) preparing indoor and outdoor areas for learning and recreational activities;
(c) assisting children with intellectual, physical, behavioural and other learning difficulties with their studies;
(d) assisting children individually to learn social skills;
(e) assisting with preparing teaching materials, and copying and collating written and printed material;
(f) operating audiovisual equipment, computers and other teaching aides;
(g) distributing and collecting lesson material.

Examples: Pre-school assistant, Teacher’s assistant

24Skilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

241Skilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

2411Healthcare Assistants

Health care assistants provide direct personal care and assistance with activities of daily living to patients and residents in a variety of health care settings such as hospitals, clinics and residential nursing care facilities. They generally work in implementation of established care plans and practices, and under the direct supervision of medical, nursing or other health professionals or associate professionals.

Tasks include:
(a) providing care, support and treatment to patients and residents of medical, rehabilitative and residential care facilities according to treatment plans established by medical, nursing and other health professionals;
(b) assisting patients with personal and therapeutic care needs such as personal hygiene, feeding, dressing, physical mobility and exercise, communication, taking oral medications and changing dressings;
(c) positioning, lifting and turning patients and transporting them in wheelchairs or on movable beds;
(d) maintaining patients’ environmental hygiene standards, such as cleaning patient rooms and changing bed linen;
(e) providing massage and other non-pharmacological pain relief measures, such as during pregnancy and labor;
(f) observing patients’ condition, responses and behaviour and reporting changes to a health professional.

Examples: Birth assistant (clinic or hospital), Nursing aide (clinic or hospital), Patient care assistant, Psychiatric aid

2412Home-Based Personal Care Workers

Home-based personal care workers provide routine personal care and assistance with activities of daily living to persons who are in need of such care due to effects of ageing, illness, injury, or other physical or mental conditions, in private homes and other independent residential settings.

Tasks include:
(a) assisting clients with personal and therapeutic care needs such as personal hygiene, feeding, dressing, physical mobility and exercise, communication, taking oral medications and changing dressings, usually according to care plans established by a health professional;
(b) maintaining records of client care, changes in condition and responses to care and treatment, and reporting concerns or providing referrals to a health or social services professional;
(c) positioning and lifting clients with physical mobility challenges, and helping transport them in wheelchairs and motor vehicles;
(d) providing clients and families with emotional support, information and advice on topics such as nutrition, hygiene, exercise, caring for infants or adapting to disability or illness;
(e) maintaining clients’ environmental hygiene standards, such as changing bed linen, washing clothes and dishes, and cleaning living quarters;
(f) providing psychological support to clients such as through conversation or reading aloud;
(g) planning, purchasing, preparing or serving meals to meet nutritional requirements and prescribed diets;
(h) providing support to parents and care for newborns during the postpartum period;
(i) scheduling and accompanying clients for appointments with medical doctors and other health professionals, or performing other errands.

Examples: Home birth assistant, Home care aide, Nursing aide (home), Personal care provider

241NSkilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers providers of routine health and personal care support services not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes occupations such as dental aid, sterilization aid, hospital orderly, medical imaging assistant, and pharmacy aid.

Tasks include:
(a) cleaning and sterilizing surgical, dental and pharmaceutical instruments, bottles, beakers and other equipment;
(b) labelling drugs, chemicals and other pharmaceutical preparations and replenishing stock on shelves;
(c) lifting, turning and moving patients and transporting them in wheelchairs or on moveable beds;
(d) preparing patients for examination or treatment;
(e) setting up instrument trays, preparing materials, and assisting dentists or radiographers during procedures;
(f) exposing diagnostic X-rays.

Examples: Dental aide, First aid attendant, Hospital orderly, Medical imaging assistant, Pharmacy aide, Phlebotomist, Sterilization aide

25Skilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

251Skilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

2511Fast Food Preparers

Fast food preparers prepare and cook to order a limited range of foods or beverages that involve simple preparation processes and a small number of ingredients. They may take orders from customers and serve at counters or tables.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing simple or pre-prepared foods and beverages such as sandwiches, hamburgers, pizzas, fish and chips, salads and coffee;
(b) washing, cutting, measuring and mixing foods for cooking;
(c) operating large-volume single-process cooking equipment such as grills, deep-fat fryers or griddles;
(d) re-heating pre-prepared food;
(e) cleaning food preparation areas, cooking surfaces and utensils;
(f) taking and serving food and beverage orders in eating places that specialize in fast service and carry-out food;
(g) ordering and taking delivery of fast food ingredients;
(h) maintaining sanitation, health and safety standards in work areas;
(i) verifying that prepared food meets requirements for quality and quantity.

Examples: Fast food cook, Hamburger maker, Pizza maker, Short order cook

2512Food Service Counter Attendants

Food service counter attendants serve customers at food counters and finish preparation of simple food items in restaurants, cafés, hotels, fast food outlets, cafeterias, hospitals and other settings.

Tasks include:
(a) serving food to customers at counters;
(b) ascertaining the products desired by customers, assisting them in making choices and taking orders;
(c) cleaning, peeling, slicing and trimming foodstuffs, using manual and electric appliances;
(d) preparing simple food items and reheating prepared meals;
(e) portioning and wrapping food or placing it directly on plates for service to patrons;
(f) packaging takeaway food;
(g) stocking refrigerators, salad and buffet bars and keeping records of the quantities of food used;
(h) receiving payment for food items purchased.

Examples: Cafeteria counter attendant, Salad bar attendant

2513Hotel Receptionists

Hotel receptionists welcome and register guests in hotels and other establishments that provide accommodation services. They assign rooms, issue keys, provide information concerning the services provided, make room reservations, keep a record of rooms available for occupancy, present statements of charges to departing guests and receive payment.

Tasks include:
(a) maintaining an inventory of rooms available for occupancy, reservations and room assignments;
(b) registering arriving guests, assigning rooms, verifying customers’ credit and issuing room keys;
(c) providing information regarding hotel services and services available in the community;
(d) providing information about availability of accommodation and making room reservations;
(e) responding to guests’ requests for housekeeping and maintenance services as well as to complaints;
(f) contacting housekeeping or maintenance services when guests report problems;
(g) compiling and checking guest accounts for charges using computerized or manual systems;
(h) receiving and forwarding messages in person or using telephones or telephone switchboards;
(i) reviewing statements of charges to departing guests and receiving payment.

Examples: Hotel front desk clerk, Hotel receptionist

2514Travel Attendants and Stewards

Travel attendants and travel stewards ensure the comfort and safety of passengers, serve meals and beverages and render personal services, usually on aircraft and on board ships. They may plan and coordinate housekeeping and social activities on ships.

Tasks include:
(a) greeting passengers entering aircraft or ships, checking tickets or boarding passes, and directing passengers to their seats or berths;
(b) announcing, explaining and demonstrating safety and emergency procedures such as the use of oxygen masks, seat belts and life jackets;
(c) assembling and serving pre-prepared meals and beverages;
(d) selling duty-free and other goods;
(e) taking care of general needs and comfort of passengers, answering inquiries, and keeping cabins clean and tidy;
(f) directing and assisting passengers and following prescribed procedures in the event of an emergency, such as evacuating an aircraft following an emergency landing;
(g) verifying that first aid kits and other emergency equipment are in working order;
(h) administering first aid to passengers in distress;
(i) attending pre-flight briefings concerning weather, altitudes, routes, emergency procedures, crew coordination, lengths of flights, food and beverage services offered, and numbers of passengers;
(j) preparing passengers and aircraft for take-off and landing;
(k) determining special assistance needs of passengers such as small children, the elderly or disabled persons.

Examples: Cabin attendant, Flight attendant, Ship’s steward

2515Travel Consultants

Travel consultants and clerks provide information about travel destinations, arrange travel itineraries, obtain travel and accommodation reservations and register passengers at check-in and departure.

Tasks include:
(a) obtaining information about the availability, cost and convenience of different types of transport and accommodation, ascertaining customers’ requirements and advising them on travel arrangements;
(b) providing information about local and regional attractions, sightseeing tours, restaurants, arts and entertainment, and providing maps and brochures;
(c) preparing itineraries;
(d) making and confirming reservations for travel, tours and accommodation;
(e) issuing tickets, boarding passes and vouchers;
(f) helping customers in obtaining necessary travel documents such as visas;
(g) verifying travel documentation and registering passengers and luggage at check-in and departure;
(h) preparing bills and receiving payments;

Examples: Airline ticket agent, Check-in attendant, Ticket issuing clerk (travel), Travel agency clerk, Travel consultant, Travel desk clerk, Tourism information clerk

2516Travel Guides

Travel guides accompany individuals or groups on trips, sightseeing tours and excursions and on tours of places of interest such as historical sites, industrial establishments and theme parks. They describe points of interest and provide background information on interesting features.

Tasks include:
(a) escorting and guiding tourists on cruises and sightseeing tours;
(b) escorting visitors through places of interest such as museums, exhibitions, theme parks, factories and other industrial establishments;
(c) describing and providing information on points of interest and exhibits and responding to questions;
(d) conducting educational activities for schoolchildren;
(e) monitoring visitors’ activities to ensure compliance with establishment or tour regulations and safety practices;
(f) greeting and registering visitors and tour participants, and issuing any required identification badges or safety devices;
(g) distributing brochures, showing audiovisual presentations, and explaining procedures and operations at tour sites;
(h) providing for physical safety of groups, and performing activities such as providing first aid and directing emergency evacuations;
(i) resolving any problems with tour itineraries, service or accommodation.

Examples: Art gallery guide, Tour escort, Tourist guide

26Skilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

261Skilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

2611Printing Trades Workers, Pre-Press Technicians

Pre-press technicians proof, format, set and compose text and graphics into a form suitable for use in various printing processes and representation in other visual media.

Tasks include:
(a) operating graphic cameras and other photographic equipment to reproduce camera-ready copy onto films, plates and digital output devices;
(b) using computer applications to generate images, text, layouts and impositions for print and other visual media displays;
(c) operating plate-making equipment to reproduce images from film to printing plates, digital output devices and presses;
(d) operating computer screen-based equipment for scanning, color separation, color correction, masking, creative design, combining, imposing, retouching, and other processes used to transfer copy to film and produce film for plate, digital output and cylinder productions;
(e) carrying out digital and chemical proofing from digital systems, and negative and positive films;
(f) evaluating printed proofs, checking and correcting them for quality;
(g) preparing and exposing carbon tissue for laying on cylinders by transfer method, and developing images.

Examples: Compositor, Desktop publishing operator, Electronic pre-press technician, Photogravurist, Photolithographer, Plate mounter (screen printing), Plate maker (printing), Screen maker, Typesetter

2612Printing Trades Workers, Printers

Printers set up and operate digital, letterpress, lithographic, flexographic, gravure, newspaper and other printing presses.

Tasks include:
(a) setting, adjusting and monitoring substrate-feed mechanisms, delivery mechanisms, inking systems and other printing machine functions;
(b) mixing ink and solvents to standard, and regulating paper and ink supply during print runs;
(c) monitoring, evaluating and determining press to check print quality standards against proofs and detect malfunctions;
(d) producing a variety of printed products using digital, relief, lithographic, flexographic and gravure printing presses, and in-line finishing systems;
(e) preparing plates, blankets and impression cylinders on small offset lithographic printing presses;
(f) loading paper into feeding mechanisms;
(g) monitoring machine operations and quality of printing;
(h) maintaining, adjusting, repairing and cleaning machines;
(i) producing digital print images, and transferring and outputting images.

Examples: Block printer, Digital press operator, Feeder operator (printing), Flexographic press operator, Gravure press operator, Large sheet-fed press operator, Screen printer, Screen printing press operator, Small press operator, Textile printer, Web press operator

2613Printing Trades Workers, Print Finishing and Binding

Print finishing and binding workers bind books and other publications, and finish printed products by hand or machine.

Tasks include:
(a) setting up and supervising the operation of automatic binding and finishing equipment;
(b) binding full, half and limp-bound books, and repairing bindings;
(c) folding, collating and sewing signatures by machine and hand;
(d) operating paper guillotines for pre-press and post-press paper cutting and trimming, and programming electronically operated units;
(e) operating systems to insert printed material into newspapers, magazines and envelopes;
(f) embellishing printed products automatically and manually;
(g) operating photographic and electronic reproduction devices.

Examples: Book binder, Collator operator, Cutter operator, Foil stamp operator, Folder operator, Gatherer operator, Multibinder operator, Perfect binder operator, Saddle stitch operator, Small machine bindery worker

2614Telephone Switchboard Operators

Telephone switchboard operators operate telephone communications switchboards and consoles to establish telephone connections, receive caller inquiries, service problem reports, and record and relay messages to staff or clients.

Tasks include:
(a) operating switchboards and consoles to connect, hold, transfer and disconnect telephone calls;
(b) making connections for outgoing calls;
(c) dealing with telephone inquiries and recording messages;
(d) forwarding messages to staff or clients;
(e) investigating operating system problems and informing repair services.

Examples: Answering service operator, Telephone switchboard operator

2615Typists and Word Processing Operators

Typists and word processing operators type, edit and print text using typewriters, personal computers or other word processors, and record oral or written matter in shorthand.

Tasks include:
(a) typing written material from rough drafts, corrected copies, voice recordings or shorthand using a computer, word processor or typewriter;
(b) checking completed work for proper spelling, grammar, punctuation and formatting;
(c) gathering and arranging the material to be typed, following instructions;
(d) filing and storing completed documents on computer hard drive or disk, or maintaining a computer filing system to store, retrieve or update documents;
(e) taking dictation and recording other matter in shorthand;
(f) reproducing the spoken word, environmental sounds and song lyrics as captions for cinema and television programming;
(g) transcribing information recorded in shorthand and on sound recording equipment.

Examples: Shorthand typist, Stenographer, Typist, Word processor

27Skilled Workers in Production and Related Trades

271Skilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related (Market-Oriented)

2711Mixed Farming Producers

Mixed crop and animal producers plan, organize and perform farming operations to grow and harvest field, tree and various other crops, as well as to breed, raise and tend animals and to produce a variety of animal husbandry products, for sale or delivery to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity and conditions, determining kinds and amounts of crops to be grown and animals to be raised, and planning and coordinating production accordingly;
(b) purchasing seeds, fertilizer, and other supplies;
(c) performing operations such as land preparation, sowing, planting, cultivating and harvesting crops;
(d) producing or buying fodder and other food supplies;
(e) breeding, raising and tending animals;
(f) killing and skinning animals, and preparing animals or animal products for market;
(g) renting or investing in and maintaining and cleaning farm buildings, machinery, equipment, and structures;
(h) storing and carrying out some processing of produce;
(i) promoting and marketing products, arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of livestock, produce and supplies and maintaining and evaluating records of farm activities and transactions;
(j) training and supervising workers in animal care procedures, maintenance duties, and health and safety precautions and hiring and discharging workers and contractors.

Examples: Farmer (mixed farming), Skilled farm worker (mixed farming)

2712Animal Farming Producers

Livestock and dairy producers plan, organize and perform farming operations to breed and raise domesticated animals (excluding poultry), such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses and camels, for the production of meat, milk and other dairy products, skins and wool or for use as working, sporting or recreational animals, for sale or delivery to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity and conditions, determining kinds and amounts of stock to produce, and planning and coordinating production accordingly;
(b) cultivating pastures and providing and monitoring fodder and water supplies to maintain appropriate nutritional levels and condition of livestock;
(c) monitoring and examining animals to detect illness, injury or disease, and to check physical condition such as rate of weight gain;
(d) grooming, marking, clipping, trimming, drenching and/or castrating animals, and shearing coats to collect hair or wool;
(e) herding livestock to pastures for grazing or to scales, sheds, vehicles or other enclosures;
(f) milking animals by hand or using milking machines;
(g) mixing feed, additives and medicines in prescribed portions and distributing or hand-feeding to animals for consumption;
(h) performing duties related to livestock reproduction, such as breeding, artificial insemination and helping with animal births;
(i) maintaining and cleaning farm buildings, machinery, equipment and structures;
(j) slaughtering and skinning animals and preparing them for market;
(k) storing and carrying out some processing of animal and dairy produce;
(l) promoting and marketing products, arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of livestock, produce and supplies, and maintaining and evaluating records of farm activities and transactions;
(m) training and supervising workers in animal care procedures, maintenance duties and health and safety precautions, and hiring and discharging workers and contractors.

Examples: Cattle farmer, Dairy farmer, Dog breeder, Drover, Goat farmer, Horse breeder, Shearer, Sheep farmer, Shepherd, Stockman/woman Poultry producers plan, organize and perform farming operations to breed and raise chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks and other poultry to produce meat, eggs and breeding stock for sale or delivery to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity, planning and coordinating production accordingly, and maintaining and evaluating records of farming activities;
(b) growing and purchasing feed and other supplies needed to maintain appropriate nutritional levels and condition of poultry;
(c) monitoring and examining poultry to detect illness, injury or disease and to check physical condition such as rate of weight gain, and removing weak, ill and dead poultry from flock;
(d) mixing feed and feed additives and filling feed and water containers;
(e) vaccinating poultry via drinking water, injection or dusting of air;
(f) collecting and storing eggs and packaging them for sale or delivery to market;
(g) determining sex of chicks and facilitating breeding, artificial insemination and hatching of eggs;
(h) renting or investing in, and maintaining and cleaning, farm buildings, machinery, equipment and structures;
(i) slaughtering and dressing poultry for sale or delivery to market;
(j) storing and carrying out some processing of produce;
(k) arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of stock, produce and supplies;
(l) training and supervising workers in poultry production procedures, maintenance duties and health and safety precautions, and hiring and discharging workers and contractors.

Examples: Poultry breeder, Poultry farmer, Poultry tender Apiarists and sericulturists plan, organize and perform operations to breed, raise and tend insects such as honey bees, silkworms and other species to produce honey, beeswax, silk and other products for sale or delivery to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity and conditions, determining kinds and amounts of insect products to produce, and planning and coordinating production accordingly;
(b) purchasing insects and growing or purchasing feed and other supplies;
(c) breeding, raising and tending insects and collecting their products;
(d) renting or investing in, and maintaining and cleaning, buildings, machinery, equipment and structures;
(e) storing and carrying out some processing of produce;
(f) arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of stock, produce and supplies, and maintaining and evaluating records of farming activities;
(g) training and supervising workers in production procedures, maintenance duties and health and safety precautions, and hiring and discharging workers and contractors.

Examples: Apiarist, Sericulturist This class covers market-oriented animal producers not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 612: Animal Producers. For instance, the group includes those engaged in breeding, raising and tending non-domesticated mammals, game and other birds (except poultry), snails, snakes and other reptiles, as well as various insects and animals used for laboratory tests, for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations, zoos and circuses, or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity and conditions, determining kinds and amounts of products to produce, and planning and coordinating production accordingly;
(b) raising, feeding and tending animals;
(c) monitoring and examining animals to detect illness, injury or disease, and to check physical condition such as rate of weight gain;
(d) performing duties related to animal reproduction, such as breeding, artificial insemination and helping with animal births;
(e) renting or investing in, and maintaining and cleaning, buildings, machinery, equipment and structures;
(f) slaughtering and skinning animals and preparing animal products for market;
(g) storing and carrying out some processing of produce;
(h) promoting and marketing products, arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of stock, produce and supplies, and maintaining and evaluating records of activities and transactions;
(i) training and supervising workers in animal care procedures, maintenance duties and health and safety precautions.

Examples: Crocodile farmer, Fur farmer (non-domesticated animals), Game bird breeder, Ostrich farmer, Snail breeder

2713Crop Farming Producers

Field crop and vegetable growers plan, organize and perform farming operations to grow and harvest various types of field crop such as wheat and other cereals, rice, beetroot, sugar-cane, groundnuts, tobacco, reed or other field crops, and potatoes, cabbages or other field vegetables, for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity and conditions, determining types and quantities of crops to be grown, and planning and coordinating production accordingly;
(b) preparing soil by hand or machine, and spreading fertilizers and manure;
(c) selecting and sowing seeds, and planting seedlings;
(d) maintaining crops by cultivating soil, by transplanting, pruning or thinning plants, and by setting up and operating irrigation equipment;
(e) controlling weeds, pests and diseases by applying herbicides and pesticides;
(f) harvesting crops and destroying diseased or superfluous crops;
(g) inspecting, cleaning, grading, packaging, storing and loading crops for sale or delivery to market;
(h) tending working animals and maintaining farm buildings, structures, equipment and water supply systems;
(i) storing and carrying out some processing of produce;
(j) promoting and marketing products, arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of produce and supplies and maintaining and evaluating records of farm activities and transactions;
(k) training and supervising workers in crop production, maintenance duties, and health and safety precautions, and hiring and discharging workers and contractors.

Examples: Cereal farmer, Cotton farmer, Potato farmer, Rice farmer, Skilled farm worker (field crops), Sugar-cane grower Gardeners, horticultural and nursery growers plan, organize and perform operations to cultivate and maintain trees, shrubs, flowers and other plants in parks and private gardens, and to produce saplings, bulbs and seeds or grow vegetables and flowers, by intensive cultivation techniques for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity and conditions determining kinds and amounts of vegetables, horticultural and nursery products to be grown, and planning and coordinating production accordingly;
(b) preparing land by conditioning soil, levelling ground and installing and operating irrigation and drainage systems;
(c) planting trees, hedges, garden plants and grass;
(d) pruning and trimming trees, shrubs and hedges, installing plant supports and protection, and rolling, mowing, aerating and edging lawns;
(e) constructing features and facilities within gardens, such as paths or paved areas, walls, rockeries, garden beds, ponds and water features, sheds and fences;
(f) checking the health of plants and trees, identifying and treating weeds, pests and diseases, and applying mulch and fertilizers;
(g) producing saplings, bulbs and seeds and raising plants from seeds or cuttings;
(h) harvesting crops, inspecting, cleaning, grading, packaging, storing and loading products for sale or delivery to market;
(i) maintaining buildings, greenhouses and other structures, equipment and water supply systems;
(j) storing and carrying out some processing of produce;
(k) promoting and marketing products, arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of produce and supplies, and maintaining and evaluating records of activities and transactions;
(l) training and supervising workers in production, maintenance duties, and health and safety precautions, and hiring and discharging workers and contractors.

Examples: Horticulturist, Landscape gardener, Market gardener, Mushroom cultivator Mixed crop growers plan, organize and perform farming operations to grow and harvest specific combinations of field crops, field vegetables, tree and shrub crops, and garden, horticultural and nursery products, for sale or delivery to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity and conditions, determining types and quantities of crops to be grown, and planning and coordinating production accordingly;
(b) preparing soil by hand or machine, and spreading fertilizers and manure;
(c) selecting and sowing seeds, and planting seedlings;
(d) maintaining crops by cultivating soil, by transplanting, pruning or thinning crops, trees and shrubs, and by setting up and operating irrigation equipment;
(e) growing flowers and vegetables by intensive cultivation;
(f) producing saplings, bulbs and seeds;
(g) harvesting crops and inspecting, cleaning, grading, packaging, storing and loading products for sale or delivery to market;
(h) tending working animals and maintaining farm buildings, structures, equipment and water supply systems;
(i) storing and carrying out some processing of produce;
(j) promoting and marketing products, arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of produce and supplies, and maintaining and evaluating records of activities and transactions;
(k) training and supervising workers in production, maintenance duties, and health and safety precautions, and hiring and discharging workers and contractors.

Examples: Mixed crop farmer, Skilled farm worker (mixed crops) Tree and shrub crop growers plan, organize and perform farming operations to grow and harvest trees and shrubs such as fruit and nut trees, tea and coffee bushes, grape vines, berry-bearing bushes, cocoa trees and rubber trees, and to collect sap, for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) monitoring market activity and conditions, determining types and quantities of crops to be grown, and planning and coordinating production accordingly;
(b) preparing soil by hand or machine, and spreading fertilizers and manure;
(c) selecting and sowing seeds, and planting seedlings;
(d) maintaining crops by cultivating soil, by transplanting, pruning or thinning trees and shrubs, and by setting up and operating irrigation equipment;
(e) controlling weeds, pests and diseases by applying herbicides and pesticides;
(f) tending trees or bushes, collecting sap and harvesting crops;
(g) inspecting, cleaning, grading, packaging, storing and loading crops for sale or delivery to market;
(h) tending working animals and maintaining farm buildings, structures, equipment and water supply systems;
(i) storing and carrying out some processing of produce;
(j) promoting and marketing products, arranging the sale, purchase and transportation of produce and supplies, and maintaining and evaluating records of farm activities and transactions;
(k) training and supervising workers in crop production, maintenance duties, and health and safety precautions, and hiring and discharging workers and contractors.

Examples: Fruit farmer, Rubber farmer, Rubber tapper, Tea grower, Viticulturist

2714Aquaculture and Related Workers

Aquaculture workers breed and raise fish and cultivate mussels, oysters and other forms of aquatic life, for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) breeding, raising and cultivating fish, mussels, oysters and other forms of aquatic life as cash crops or for release into freshwater or saltwater;
(b) collecting and recording growth, production and environmental data;
(c) conducting and supervising stock examinations in order to identify diseases or parasites;
(d) monitoring environments to ensure maintenance of optimum conditions for aquatic life;
(e) directing and monitoring trapping and spawning of fish, egg incubation and fry rearing, applying knowledge of management and fish culturing techniques;
(f) cleaning, freezing, icing or salting catch on- or offshore, and preparing fish and other products for shipment;
(g) maintaining buildings, tanks, machinery, boats and other equipment;
(h) delivering or marketing products;
(i) renting or investing in buildings, equipment and machinery, and purchasing food and other supplies;
(j) supervising and training aquaculture and fish hatchery support workers.

Examples: Algae cultivator, Fish farmer, Oyster farmer, Pearl cultivator, Seafood farmer, Skilled fish farm worker, Skilled seafood farm worker

2715Fishers, Deep Sea

Deep-sea fishery workers, as skippers or members of fishing vessel crews, catch deep-sea fish for sale or delivery to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing and repairing nets and other fishing gear and equipment;
(b) commanding and operating fishing vessels to, from and at deep-sea fishing grounds;
(c) determining areas for fishing, plotting courses and computing navigational positions using compass, charts, tables and other aids;
(d) steering vessels and operating navigational instruments and electronic fishing aids;
(e) directing fishing operations and supervising crew activities;
(f) recording fishing progress and activities, as well as weather and sea conditions, on the ship’s log;
(g) baiting, setting and hauling in fishing gear;
(h) cleaning, freezing, icing or salting catch on- or offshore;
(i) selecting and training vessel crews.

Examples: Deep-sea fisher, Trawler skipper

2716Fishers, Inland and Coastal Waters

Inland and coastal waters fishery workers, alone or as members of fishing-vessel crews, catch fish or gather other forms of aquatic life in inland or coastal waters for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing and repairing nets and other fishing gear and equipment;
(b) selecting areas for fishing, plotting courses and computing navigational positions using compass, charts and other aids;
(c) operating fishing vessels to, from and at fishing grounds;
(d) baiting, setting, operating and hauling in fishing gear by hand or using hoisting equipment;
(e) gathering various forms of aquatic life from shores and shallow waters;
(f) maintaining engine fishing gear and other on-board equipment;
(g) keeping records of transactions, fishing activities, weather and sea conditions, and estimating costs and budgets;
(h) sorting and storing catch in holds with salt and ice;
(i) removing catches from fishing equipment, measuring them to ensure compliance with legal size and returning undesirable or illegal catches to the water;
(j) directing fishing operations, and supervising fishing crew members.

Examples: Coastal fishery skipper, Fisher (coastal waters), Fisher (inland waters)

2717Forestry and Related Workers

Forestry and related workers plan, organize and perform operations to cultivate, conserve and exploit natural and plantation forests.

Tasks include:
(a) assessing sites for reforestation, selecting seedlings and planting trees using manual planting tools and establishing and caring for forest stands;
(b) locating trees to be felled and estimating volume of timber;
(c) operating chainsaw and other power saws to thin young forest stands, trim, top and fell trees and saw them into logs;
(d) shaping rough wooden products from logs at felling site;
(e) stacking logs and loading them in chutes or floating them down rivers;
(f) keeping watch to detect forest fires, participating in fire fighting operations, completing fire fighting reports and maintaining fire fighting equipment;
(g) controlling weeds and undergrowth in regenerating forest stands using manual tools and chemicals;
(h) operating and maintaining a skidder, bulldozer or other prime mover to pull a variety of scarification or site preparation equipment over areas to be regenerated;
(i) collecting seed cones, pruning trees, assisting in planting surveys and marking trees for subsequent operations;
(j) training and supervising other workers in forestry procedures, including forestry laborers and plant operators.

Examples: Charcoal burner, Logger, Logging climber, Skilled forestry worker, Timber cruiser, Tree feller

2718Hunters and Trappers

Hunters and trappers catch and kill mammals, birds or reptiles mainly for meat, skin, feathers and other products for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets.

Tasks include:
(a) setting traps to catch mammals, birds or reptiles;
(b) killing trapped or free mammals, birds or reptiles with firearms or other weapons;
(c) skinning and otherwise treating killed mammals, birds or reptiles to obtain desired products for sale or delivery;
(d) delivering or selling trapped live mammals, birds or reptiles;
(e) repairing and maintaining equipment.

Examples: Fur trapper, Seal hunter

272Skilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related (Subsistence)

2721Subsistence Mixed Farmers

Subsistence mixed crop and livestock farmers grow and harvest field or tree and shrub crops, vegetables and fruit; gather wild fruits, medicinal and other plants; tend or hunt animals; and/or catch fish and gather various forms of aquatic life in order to provide food, shelter and, in some cases, a minimum of cash income for themselves and their households.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing the soil, sowing, planting, tending and harvesting field crops;
(b) growing vegetables, fruit and other tree and shrub crops;
(c) gathering wild fruits, medicinal and other plants;
(d) breeding, tending and feeding animals and poultry mainly to obtain meat, eggs, milk, hair, skin or other products;
(e) fetching water and gathering firewood;
(f) storing produce for later use and carrying out some processing of produce;
(g) building and maintaining houses and other shelters;
(h) making tools, clothes and utensils for use by the household;
(i) selling or bartering some products at local markets.

Examples: Mixed subsistence farmer

2722Subsistence Animal Farmer

Subsistence livestock farmers breed, raise and tend livestock in order to provide food, shelter and, in some cases, a minimum of cash income for themselves and their households.

Tasks include:
(a) cultivating pastures, or managing grazing lands, and monitoring feed and water supplies needed to maintain condition of livestock;
(b) monitoring and examining animals to detect illness, injury or disease, and to check physical condition;
(c) grooming and marking animals and shearing coats to collect hair or wool;
(d) herding or leading livestock to pastures, grazing land and water supplies;
(e) raising, tending, feeding and milking animals or draining blood from them;
(f) breeding animals and helping with animal births;
(g) slaughtering and skinning animals and preparing them and their products for consumption or sale;
(h) carrying out some processing of animal products;
(i) building and maintaining houses and other shelters;
(j) making tools, clothes and utensils for use by the household;
(k) fetching water and gathering firewood;
(l) buying, bartering and selling animals and some products.

Examples: Subsistence cattle farmer

2723Subsistence Crop Farmers

Subsistence crop farmers grow and harvest field or tree and shrub crops, vegetables and fruit, in order to provide food, shelter and, in some cases, a minimum of cash income for themselves and their households.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing the soil, sowing, planting, tending and harvesting field crops;
(b) growing vegetables, fruit and other tree and shrub crops;
(c) fetching water and gathering firewood;
(d) storing for later use and carrying out some processing of produce;
(e) building and maintaining houses and other shelters;
(f) making tools, clothes and utensils for use by the household;
(g) selling or bartering some products at local markets.

Examples: Subsistence crop farmer, Subsistence gardener, Subsistence vegetable grower

2724Subsistence Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related Workers

Subsistence fishers, hunters, trappers and gatherers gather wild fruits, medicinal and other plants; hunt and trap animals; and catch fish and gather various forms of aquatic life in order to provide food, shelter and, in some cases, a minimum of cash income for themselves and their households.

Tasks include:
(a) gathering wild fruits, roots, medicinal and other plants;
(b) hunting or trapping animals mainly to obtain meat, milk, hair, skin or other products;
(c) fetching water and gathering firewood;
(d) catching fish and gathering other forms of aquatic life;
(e) storing or carrying out some processing of their produce;
(f) building and maintaining houses and other shelters;
(g) making tools, clothes and utensils for use by the household;
(h) selling or bartering some products at local markets.

Examples: Hunter-gatherer, Subsistence collector, Subsistence diver, Subsistence fisher, Subsistence trapper

273Skilled Workers in Construction and Related

2731Building and Related Electricians

Building and related electricians install, maintain and repair electrical wiring systems and related equipment and fixtures.

Tasks include:
(a) installing, maintaining and repairing electrical wiring systems and related equipment in various buildings such as schools, hospitals, commercial establishments, residential buildings and other structures;
(b) examining blueprints, wiring diagrams and specifications to determine sequences and methods of operation;
(c) planning layout and installation of electrical wiring, equipment and fixtures, based on job specifications and relevant standards;
(d) inspecting electrical systems, equipment, and components to identify hazards, defects, and the need for adjustment or repair;
(e) selecting, cutting and connecting wire and cable to terminals and connectors;
(f) measuring and laying out installation reference points;
(g) positioning and installing electrical switchboards;
(h) testing continuity of circuits.

Examples: Building repairs electrician, Electrician

2732Building Finishers and Related Trades Workers

Roofers build and repair roofs on all types of buildings, using one or more kinds of material.

Tasks include:
(a) studying drawings, specifications and construction sites to determine materials required;
(b) covering roof frameworks with slate and prefabricated tiles to cover pitched roofs;
(c) laying a waterproof shield and fixing metallic or synthetic materials to a building’s frame;
(d) sizing and cutting roofing materials to fit around edges, corners and protuberances such as chimneys;
(e) using natural materials such as thatching to provide roof coverings;
(f) creating temporary structures such as scaffolding and ladders.

Examples: Asphalt roofer, Metal roofer, Roof fixer, Roof tiler, Slate roofer, Thatcher Floor layers and tile setters install, maintain and repair flooring, and cover floors, walls and other surfaces with carpets, tiles or mosaic panels for decorative or other purposes.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing floor areas for covering with a variety of materials;
(b) assembling carpet, tiles or other materials and laying them on floors according to design and other specifications;
(c) preparing wall areas for covering with tiles or other materials for decorative or other purposes such as acoustic insulation;
(d) setting tiles and constructing and laying mosaic panels to walls, floors and other surfaces.

Examples: Carpet layer, Marble setter, Parquetry worker, Tile setter Plasterers install, maintain and repair plasterboard in buildings, and apply decorative and protective coverings of plaster, cement and similar material to the interiors and exteriors of structures.

Tasks include:
(a) applying one or more coats of plaster to interior walls and ceilings of buildings to produce a finished surface;
(b) measuring, marking and installing ornamental plaster panels, and casting and trimming ornamental plaster cornices;
(c) measuring, marking and cutting plasterboard, lifting and positioning panels and securing them to walls, ceilings and battens;
(d) covering joins and nail holes with wet plaster and sealing compounds, and smoothing them using wet brushes and sandpaper;
(e) applying protective and decorative coverings of cement, plaster and similar materials to exterior building surfaces;
(f) making and installing decorative plaster fixtures of fibrous plaster;
(g) applying and finishing acoustic, insulating and fireproofing materials bonded with plaster, plastic cement and similar materials.

Examples: Dry wall plasterer, Fibrous plasterer, Ornamental plasterer, Plasterer, Solid plasterer, Stucco plasterer Insulation workers apply and repair insulating materials to buildings, boilers, pipes or refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) cutting insulation material by size and shape;
(b) applying slabs and sheets of insulating or sound-absorbing materials to walls, floors and ceilings of buildings;
(c) blowing and packing insulating or sound-absorbing materials into cavities between walls, floors and ceilings of buildings with power-driven machines;
(d) examining plans, specifications and work sites to determine the type, quality and quantity of insulation material required;
(e) applying insulating materials to exposed surfaces of equipment such as boilers, pipes and tanks;
(f) insulating refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.

Examples: Acoustic insulation worker, Boiler and pipe insulation worker, Insulation installer, Insulation worker, Refrigeration and air conditioning equipment insulation worker Glaziers measure, cut, finish, fit and install flat glass and mirrors.

Tasks include:
(a) selecting the type of glass to be used, cutting to right size and shape and installing in windows, doors, showers and partitions of buildings;
(b) installing glass and mirrors in skylights, display cases, interior walls and ceilings;
(c) installing or replacing windscreens in vehicles or boats;
(d) creating decorative glass features such as glass walls, staircases, balustrades and stained-glass windows.

Examples: Autoglazier, Glazier, Roofing glazier, Vehicle glazier Plumbers and pipe fitters assemble, install, repair and maintain pipe systems, drains, gutters, ducts and related fittings and fixtures for water, gas, drainage, sewerage, heating, cooling and ventilation systems, and for hydraulic and pneumatic equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) examining blueprints, drawings and specifications to determine the layout of plumbing and ventilation systems and materials required;
(b) measuring, cutting, threading, bending, jointing, assembling, installing, maintaining and repairing pipes, fittings and fixtures of drainage, heating, ventilation, water supply and sewerage systems;
(c) installing gas appliances, dishwashers and water heaters, sinks and toilets using hand and power tools;
(d) laying clay, concrete or cast-iron pipes in ditches to form sewers, drains or water mains, or for other purposes;
(e) inspecting, examining and testing installed systems and pipes, using pressure gauge, hydrostatic testing, observation or other methods.

Examples: Drain technician, Gas fitter, Pipe fitter, Pipe layer, Plumber, Ventilation pipe fitter

2733Building Frame and Related Trades Workers

House builders erect, maintain and repair houses and similar small buildings using either traditional or modern techniques and materials.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing ground for erecting building or other structures;
(b) erecting structures to support roofs, and building and covering walls with appropriate materials;
(c) fixing rafters to roofs and covering with roofing material;
(d) levelling floors to make them smooth and serviceable;
(e) maintaining and repairing existing structures;
(f) arranging for specialized work such as bricklaying, painting, plumbing and electrical wiring to be done by subcontractors;
(g) coordinating and supervising the activities of subcontractors, laborers and other workers.

Examples: House builder Bricklayers and related workers lay bricks, pre-cut stones and other types of building blocks in mortar to construct and repair walls, partitions, arches and other structures.

Tasks include:
(a) laying stone, brick and similar building blocks to construct or repair walls, partitions, fireplaces and other structures such as smokestacks, furnaces, converters, kilns and ovens, piers and abutments;
(b) laying footpaths, kerbs and pavements;
(c) laying bricks or other masonry to build patios, garden walls and other decorative installations.

Examples: Block layer, Bricklayer, Chimney builder, Refractory bricklayer Stonemasons, stone cutters, splitters and carvers cut and shape hard and soft stone blocks and slabs for the construction and maintenance of stone structures and monumental masonry, and carve designs and figures in stone.

Tasks include:
(a) driving wedges into quarried stone to break it into slabs or blocks;
(b) selecting and grading slabs and blocks of granite, marble and other stone;
(c) cutting, shaping and finishing building and monumental stone such as granite or marble using hand tools or hand-held power tools;
(d) making patterns and marking shapes on stone for subsequent sawing, planing, drilling and other dressing and cutting operations;
(e) cutting and carving characters, figures or designs on stone blocks used for monuments or memorials;
(f) setting stone in the erection of monuments and memorials;
(g) repairing and replacing stonework on old buildings, churches and monuments.

Examples: Granite cutter, Stone carver, Stone cutter, Stone polisher (hand or hand-powered tools) Concrete placers, concrete finishers and related workers erect reinforced concrete frameworks and structures, make forms for moulding concrete, reinforce concrete surfaces, cement openings in walls or casings for wells, finish and repair cement surfaces and carry out terrazzo work.

Tasks include:
(a) constructing and repairing reinforced concrete floors, walls, tanks, silos and other concrete structures;
(b) making shuttering or assembling prefabricated forms for moulding concrete;
(c) cementing openings in walls or casings for wells;
(d) finishing and smoothing surfaces of concrete structures;
(e) applying a durable smooth surfacing composed of cement, sand pigment and marble particles to floors, known as a terrazzo finish.

Examples: Cement finisher, Concrete placer, Terrazzo worker Carpenters and joiners cut, shape, assemble, erect, maintain and repair various types of structures and fittings made from wood and other materials.

Tasks include:
(a) making, altering and repairing structural and other woodwork at a workbench or on a construction site;
(b) constructing, erecting and installing heavy-framed wooden structures on building sites;
(c) fitting, assembling and altering internal and external fixtures of buildings, such as walls, doors, door and window frames, facings and panelling;
(d) making, repairing and fitting scenic equipment for theatrical performances and motion picture or television productions;
(e) constructing, assembling, altering and repairing wooden fixtures and fittings in train coaches, aircraft, ships, boats, floats and other vehicles.

Examples: Carpenter, Door installer, Finish carpenter, Framer, Joiner, Shipwright (wood) This class covers building frame and related trades workers not classified elsewhere. For instance, the class includes steeplejacks, scaffolders and demolition workers.

Tasks include:
(a) climbing and performing miscellaneous construction and building maintenance work on tall structures such as towers, chimneys and spires;
(b) erecting temporary metal or wooden scaffolding on building sites;
(c) demolishing buildings and other structures.

Examples: Building wrecker, Prefabricated building assembler, Scaffolder, Skilled demolition worker, Steeplejack

2734Building Structure Cleaners

Building structure cleaners clean exterior surfaces of buildings and other structures, and remove soot from chimneys.

Tasks include:
(a) cleaning exterior surfaces of stone, brick, metal or similar materials by means of chemicals, or a jet of steam or sand applied under high pressure;
(b) removing soot from flues, chimneys and connecting pipes;
(c) removing asbestos, mould and fire-damaged surfaces from buildings.

Examples: Building exteriors cleaner, Chimney sweep, Sandblaster (building exteriors)

2735Painters and Related Workers

Painters and related workers prepare surfaces of buildings and other structures for painting, apply protective and decorative coats of paint or similar materials, or cover interior walls and ceilings of buildings with wallpaper or other finishes.

Tasks include:
(a) cleaning and preparing walls and other surfaces of buildings for painting or wallpapering;
(b) selecting and preparing paints to required colors by mixing pigments and additives;
(c) applying or spraying paint, varnish and similar materials to surfaces, fixtures and fittings of buildings;
(d) measuring and hanging wallpaper or other fabrics on interior walls and ceilings;
(e) applying paints, varnishes and stains to surfaces using brushes, rollers and sprays.

Examples: Building painter, Paperhanger

2736Spray Painters and Varnishers

Spray painters and varnishers operate spray painting and varnishing equipment to apply protective coatings to manufactured items or structures.

Tasks include:
(a) preparing surfaces to be coated using a variety of methods to remove grease, dirt and rust;
(b) painting cars, buses, trucks and other vehicles, and applying varnish and other protective coatings;
(c) applying paint as well as protective coatings of enamel or varnish on metal, wooden and other manufactured products, usually with a hand-spraying device.

Examples: Manufactured articles painter, Varnisher, Vehicle painter

274Skilled Workers in Extraction, Mining, Quarrying, and Related

2741Blasters and Shotfirers

Shotfirers and blasters position, assemble and detonate explosives at mining, quarrying and demolition sites.

Tasks include:
(a) ensuring that workplace safety and explosives handling, storage and transport procedures and regulations are followed;
(b) planning and giving instructions for the layout, depth and diameter of blast holes;
(c) checking depth and cleanliness of blast holes;
(d) determining quantity and type of explosives to be used;
(e) loading explosives into blast holes;
(f) assembling, or directing other workers to assemble, primer charges using detonators and explosive cartridges, and attaching electrical wires, fuses and detonating cords to primers;
(g) connecting wires, fuses and detonator cords into series, testing electrical circuits and repairing malfunctions, and connecting series to blasting machines;
(h) covering charges, filling blast holes with rock dust, sand and other materials, and tamping material to compact charges;
(i) ensuring that all explosives are detonated, and reporting and attending to misfires;
(j) declaring blast areas safe before and after detonation of explosives;
(k) compiling and maintaining records about usage of explosives in compliance with laws and regulations.

Examples: Blaster, Powderman, Powder monkey, Shotfirer

2742Borers, Well Drillers, and Related

Well drillers and borers and related workers position, assemble and operate drilling machinery and related equipment to sink wells, extract rock samples, liquids and gases, or for a variety of other purposes.

Tasks include:
(a) dismantling, moving and assembling drilling rigs and auxiliary equipment;
(b) assembling and dismantling pipes, casings and drill heads, and replacing dysfunctional equipment;
(c) operating controls to lower and raise drill pipes and casings in and out of wells, regulate pressure in the well and control the speed of tools;
(d) preparing drilling fluid and checking the operation of pumps to ensure adequate circulation of fluid in drill pipes and wells;
(e) monitoring gauges and other indicators, listening to equipment to detect malfunctions and unusual well conditions, and determining the need to change drilling or equipment;
(f) maintaining, adjusting, repairing and cleaning drilling rigs, hoisting and other machinery;
(g) maintaining records of drilling and servicing operations;
(h) operating machines and tools to extract dust, cuttings and lost and broken drilling equipment from holes and wells;
(i) closing and sealing wells no longer in use;
(j) supervising and train crew members.

Examples: Bore sinker, Boring equipment operator, Derrickman, Derrick operator, Developmental driller, Directional driller, Driller (oil or gas well), Drilling plant operator, Drilling rig operator, Power-tong operator, Toolpusher, Tourpusher

2743Cement, Stone, and Other Mineral Products Machine Operators

Cement, stone and other mineral products machine operators monitor and operate machines for manufacturing and finishing precast concrete, bitumen and stone products, and making cast stone for building purposes.

Tasks include:
(a) operating extrusion, moulding, mixing, pumping, compacting, grinding and cutting machinery to manufacture and finish precast concrete and stone products;
(b) operating plant to produce cement, lime and clinker, including loading and unloading ingredients and operating continuous feed equipment such as pumps and conveyors;
(c) operating plant and machines which weigh and mix sand, gravel, cement, water and other ingredients to make concrete;
(d) operating plant and machinery which assemble and fill moulds with concrete and artificial stone mixtures, remove castings from moulds and finish surfaces of precast products;
(e) cutting, grinding, drilling, sandblasting and polishing concrete products and stone blocks, slabs and products to the specifications for the job;
(f) checking production plans and specifications to determine and select materials, ingredients, procedures, components, settings and adjustments for extrusion, moulding, mixing and compacting machines;
(g) monitoring plant and machines during operation by observing instruments such as temperature and pressure gauges, adjusting controls and reporting malfunctions as necessary;
(h) collecting and examining samples of mixtures and finished products for conformity with specifications and adjusting machine settings accordingly;
(i) checking and maintaining production records, including information about quantities, dimensions and types of materials and goods produced;
(j) arranging and assisting with plant and machinery maintenance and repair.

Examples: Cast-concrete products machine operator, Cast-stone products machine operator, Concrete finishing machine opeerator, Concrete production machine operator, Industrial diamond polishing machine operator, Stone polishing machine operator

2744Mineral and Stone Processing Plant Operators

Mineral and stone processing plant operators monitor and operate machinery and equipment for processing rocks, minerals and stone to recover refined products for immediate use or further processing.

Tasks include:
(a) setting up and operating stationary plant and machinery which grind, crush, cut, saw and slice rocks, minerals and stones according to the specifications for the job;
(b) positioning blocks and slabs of stone onto machines for sawing, cutting and further working;
(c) monitoring and maintaining the flow of unprocessed rocks, minerals and stones from conveyors into machines;
(d) operating washing, separating, leaching, precipitating, filtering, extracting and combining equipment to remove waste material and recover minerals;
(e) combining mineral ores with solvents to facilitate further processing;
(f) separating metal and mineral concentrates from ore and alluvial deposits by thickening, flotation, gravity separation, filtration, or magnetic and electrostatic separation;
(g) observing meters, gauges and control panels, adjusting valves and controls to ensure the safe and efficient operation of equipment, detecting malfunctions and assisting with plant and machinery maintenance and repair;
(h) examining processed materials visually or with hands to ensure compliance with established standards and job specifications, and collecting samples for testing in laboratories;
(i) recording information about processing completed during shifts, such as quantities, types and dimensions of materials produced;
(j) sorting, stacking and moving processed minerals and stone for packaging, further processing or shipping.

Examples: Coal washer, Crusher operator (mineral or stone processing), Flotation worker (mineral processing), Gold precipitator, Machine operator (stone cutting or processing), Milling machine operator (minerals)

2745Miners and Quarriers

Miners and quarriers operate plant, machinery and hand tools to extract rocks, mineral ores and other deposits from underground and surface mines and quarries.

Tasks include:
(a) positioning, operating and monitoring the performance of a variety of underground and surface mining equipment including continuous mining, cutting and channelling plant;
(b) setting up and operating drilling equipment in underground and surface mines and quarries;
(c) operating machinery and using hand or power tools to remove loosened rock, ore, coal and other deposits;
(d) preparing, fitting and installing supports in underground workings including rock bolts;
(e) operating machinery to open new shafts, drives, air vents and rises;
(f) operating auxiliary plant such as pumps to expel air, water and mud;
(g) performing minor maintenance and repairs and lubricating and cleaning plant, machines and tools;
(h) completing records detailing operations completed during shifts;
(i) collecting mineral samples for laboratory analysis.

Examples: Bogger operator, Continuous miner operator, Dragline operator (mining), Driller (mining), Jumbo operator, Miner, Mining plant operator, Quarrier, Roof bolter (mining)

275Skilled Workers in Manufacturing

2751Clerks, Production

Production clerks compute quantities of materials required at specified dates for manufacturing, construction and similar production programs, and prepare and check production operation schedules.

Tasks include:
(a) computing quantities, qualities and types of materials required by production programs;
(b) preparing production requirements schedules, ensuring that materials are available when needed, and keeping relevant records;
(c) preparing or assisting in the preparation of production operation schedules on the basis of customers’ orders and production capacity and performance;
(d) verifying stocks, arranging deliveries and investigating delays;
(e) recording and coordinating the flow of work and materials between departments.

Examples: Production clerk, Schedule clerk (materials)

2752Food Processing and Related Trades Workers

Bakers, pastry-cooks and confectionery makers make various kinds of bread, cakes, and other flour products, as well as handmade chocolate and sugar confectionery.

Tasks include:
(a) making bread, cakes, biscuits, pastries, pies and other flour products;
(b) making handmade confectionery from mixtures of sugar, chocolate and other ingredients, using hand tools and some machines;
(c) combining measured ingredients in bowls of mixing, blending or cooking machinery;
(d) checking the quality of raw materials to ensure that standards and specifications are met;
(e) applying glazes, icings or other toppings to baked goods, using spatulas or brushes;
(f) checking the cleanliness of equipment and operation of premises before production runs to ensure compliance with occupational health and safety regulations;
(g) monitoring oven temperatures and product appearance to determine baking times;
(h) coordinating the forming, loading, baking, unloading, de-panning and cooling of batches of bread, rolls, pastry and confectionery products.

Examples: Baker, Chocolate maker, Confectioner, Pastry-cook Butchers, fishmongers and related food preparers slaughter animals, clean, cut and dress meat and fish, remove bones and prepare related food items, or preserve meat, fish and other foods and food products by drying, salting or smoking.

Tasks include:
(a) slaughtering animals;
(b) flaying and trimming carcasses;
(c) boning, cutting and dressing meat and fish for sale or further processing;
(d) preparing ingredients and making sausages and similar products using chopping, mixing and shaping machines;
(e) curing meat, fish and other foods;
(f) operating smokehouses or ovens to smoke meat, fish and other foodstuffs;
(g) cooking or in other ways preparing meat, fish and related food items for sale;
(h) selling meat or fish to customers, including wrapping, weighing and labelling products, and receiving payment.

Examples: Butcher, Fish filleter, Fishmonger, Slaughterer Dairy products makers process butter and various types of cheese, cream or other dairy products.

Tasks include:
(a) boiling or pasteurizing milk to achieve specified butter fat content;
(b) separating cream from milk and churning cream into butter;
(c) dumping measured amounts of starter and other ingredients into milk;
(d) curdling milk, heating curd until it reaches desired firmness, draining curd and placing cheese into moulds to press it into shape;
(e) salting cheese and piercing or smearing cheese with cultured wash to develop mould growth;
(f) placing and turning cheese blocks on shelves to cure cheese;
(g) monitoring product quality before packaging by inspecting, taking samples and adjusting treatment conditions when necessary;
(h) recording amounts of ingredients used, test results and time cycles.

Examples: Butter maker, Cheese maker Fruit, vegetable and related preservers process or preserve fruit, nuts and related foods in various ways including cooking, drying and salting, or juice or oil extraction.

Tasks include:
(a) extracting juices from various fruits;
(b) extracting oils from oil-bearing seeds, nuts or fruits;
(c) cooking, salting or drying fruit, vegetables and related foods;
(d) mixing and adding ingredients such as pectin, sugar, spices and vinegar to assist preservation and enhance texture, appearance and flavour;
(e) transferring preserved foods to sterile jars, bottles or other containers.

Examples: Chutney maker, Fruit preserver, Jam maker, Oil expeller, Vegetable and fruit pickler, Vegetable preserver Food and beverage tasters and graders inspect, taste and grade various types of agricultural products, food and beverages.

Tasks include:
(a) inspecting, testing, tasting and smelling agricultural products, food and beverages at various stages of processing;
(b) determining quality, acceptability to consumer tastes and approximate value of products, and grading them into appropriate classes;
(c) discarding inferior products;
(d) recording the grade and/or identification numbers on tags, receiving or sales sheets;
(e) weighing and measuring products.

Examples: Food grader, Food taster, Liquor taster, Tea taster, Wine taster Tobacco preparers and tobacco products makers prepare tobacco leaves and make various tobacco products.

Tasks include:
(a) grading cured tobacco leaves by type, quality and locality where grown;
(b) mixing tobacco leaves according to formula to obtain a blend of distinct flavour;
(c) tending vacuum containers which moisten tobacco for further processing;
(d) removing midribs and stalks from tobacco leaves and shredding tobacco;
(e) making cigars, cigarettes, snuff and other tobacco products by hand or with simple machines.

Examples: Cigarette maker, Cigar maker, Tobacco grader

2753Garment and Related Trades Workers

Tailors, dressmakers, furriers and hatters fabricate, fit, alter and repair tailored or handmade clothing. They produce made-to-measure clothing such as suits, overcoats and dresses from textile fabrics, light leather, fur and other material, or make hats or wigs according to customers’ and clothing manufacturers’ specifications.

Tasks include:
(a) making overcoats, suits, skirts, shirts, blouses, lingerie, corsetry, hats, wigs and similar garments, often to clients’ individual requirements;
(b) selecting textile fabrics, leather or fur pelts matching the desired size, color, texture and quality of the garment; cutting to shape them to garment pattern and arranging them on the pattern according to the design of the garment;
(c) making garment style changes, such as tapering trouser legs or narrowing lapels, and adding or removing padding;
(d) selecting and modifying commercial patterns to customers’ and clothing manufacturers’ specifications and fit;
(e) fitting, altering and repairing tailored clothing, dresses, coats and other made-to-measure garments according to customers’ requests;
(f) making and caring for costumes used in theatrical, television and motion picture productions;
(g) folding, twisting and draping material such as satin or silk, or sewing ribbon or cloth in the form of artificial flowers or bows around crown and brim to shape and decorate hats;
(h) sewing and fastening together materials and hair strands to make wigs;
(i) blending shades of hair to give a natural appearance to wigs, arranging woven hair in specified positions and sewing hair together to form hairpieces;
(j) making, altering, restyling and repairing fur garments and other fur articles;
(k) reclaiming furs or skins from old coats, gluing fabric to the interior of fur coats and trimming fur garments.

Examples: Dressmaker, Furrier, Fur grader, Hatter, Milliner, Tailor Garment and related patternmakers and cutters create precision master patterns for the production of garments and other textile, leather or fur products. They mark, cut, shape and trim textiles, light leather and other materials according to blueprints or specifications in the manufacture of garments, hats and caps, gloves and miscellaneous products.

Tasks include:
(a) creating a master pattern for each size within a range of garment sizes, using charts, drafting instruments, computers and/or grading devices;
(b) creating the blueprint or pattern pieces for a particular apparel design with the aid of a computer;
(c) calculating dimensions of patterns according to sizes, considering stretching of material;
(d) drawing details on outlined parts to indicate where parts are to be joined, as well as the positions of pleats, pockets, buttonholes on garments, decorative stitching on shoe parts or eyelets on canvas products, using computers or drafting instruments;
(e) positioning templates or measuring materials to locate specified points of cuts or to obtain maximum yields, and marking fabric accordingly;
(f) laying out the master pattern on fabric and cutting sample patterns;
(g) testing patterns by making and fitting sample garments;
(h) placing patterns on top of layers of fabric and cutting fabric following patterns, using electric or manual knives, cutters or computer numerically controlled cutting devices;
(i) cutting fabric or fur pelts to make parts for garments and other fur articles;
(j) trimming excess material or cutting threads off finished products, such as cutting loose ends of a finished product;
(k) positioning leather on the cutting bed of machines, maximizing usage according to skin grain, skin flaws and skin stretch;
(l) performing patternmaking, marking and cutting tasks in the manufacture of other products such as soft furnishings and canvas goods.

Examples: Fur patternmaker, Garment cutter, Garment patternmaker, Glove cutter Sewing, embroidery and related workers sew together, repair, renovate and decorate garments, gloves and other products of textile, fur, light leather and other materials and fabricate tents, sails, awnings and tarpaulins. They work mainly by hand, using a needle and thread, but may perform some tasks using a sewing machine.

Tasks include:
(a) repairing defective or damaged portions of cloths or garments by hand, using matching thread and needle;
(b) removing stitches from garments to be altered, using rippers or razor blades;
(c) selecting thread according to specifications or color of parts, or dyeing thread to match color and shade of cloth to be darned;
(d) patching holes, sewing tears and ripped seams, or darning defects in items, using needle and thread;
(e) pulling knots to the wrong sides of garments, using hooks;
(f) trimming ends with scissors to make mended portions look uniform with the pattern of cloth;
(g) sewing ornamental designs by hand over stamped, printed or stencilled patterns on fabric, using needle and colored thread;
(h) embroidering ornamental designs on cloth by hand or machine, using needle and colored thread;
(i) softening leather or shoe material with water to prepare it for sewing;
(j) sewing or gluing decorative trimmings to articles such as hats, caps or other millinery;
(k) hand-sewing umbrella covers to frames, tacking cover to ribs along seams, sewing corners to tips of ribs and sewing ties to outside of cover to hold umbrella when folded;
(l) fabricating and assembling thick cloth, canvas and similar materials into sails, awning, tarpaulins and tents.

Examples: Embroiderer, Sewer, Umbrella maker Upholsterers and related workers install, repair and replace upholstery of furniture, fixtures, orthopaedic appliances, seats, panels, convertible and vinyl tops and other furnishings of automobiles, railway coaches, aircraft, ships and similar items with fabric, leather, rexine or other upholstery material. They also make and repair cushions, quilts and mattresses.

Tasks include:
(a) discussing upholstery fabric, color and style with customers and providing cost estimates for upholstering furniture or other items;
(b) making upholstery patterns from sketches, customer descriptions or blueprints;
(c) laying out, measuring and cutting upholstery materials following patterns, templates, sketches or design specifications;
(d) installing, arranging and securing springs, padding and covering material to furniture frames;
(e) sewing upholstery materials by hand to seam cushions and joining sections of covering materials;
(f) sewing rips or tears in material, or creating tufting, using needle and thread;
(g) tacking, gluing or sewing ornamental trims, buckles, braids, buttons and other accessories to covers or frames on upholstered items;
(h) laying out, cutting, fabricating and installing upholstery in aircrafts, motor vehicles, railway cars, boats and ships;
(i) repairing raw hide coverings of artificial limbs;
(j) renovating antique furniture using a variety of tools including ripping chisels, magnetic hammers and long needles;
(k) collaborating with interior designers to decorate rooms and coordinate furnishing fabrics;
(l) making quilts, cushions and mattresses.

Examples: Furniture upholsterer, Mattress maker, Orthopaedic upholsterer, Vehicle upholsterer Pelt dressers, tanners and fellmongers trim, scrape, clean, tan, buff and dye animal hides, pelts or skins to produce leather stock and finished furs for making garments and other products.

Tasks include:
(a) sorting and grading pelts, hides and skins according to color, shading, size and density;
(b) scraping particles of flesh, fat or protective tissue from skins or pelts to clean and soften them;
(c) removing hair from skin or hides soaked in lime water;
(d) preparing hides by curing them with salt;
(e) removing long, coarse hair from pelts and trimming underlying hair to even length;
(f) tanning and dressing pelts to improve lustre and beauty or to restore the natural appearance of pelts;
(g) preparing bark and myrobalan liquor for treating hides or skins;
(h) treating hides and skins in tanning solution to convert them into leather;
(i) tinting or dyeing furs to enhance natural shades of fur;
(j) removing wrinkles and setting grains on wet hides or skins;
(k) dressing and applying dyes and stains to leather;
(l) stretching and smoothing dressed pelts;
(m) seasoning leather by applying chemical solution or oil evenly onto the surface by hand brush and allowing it to dry in open air.

Examples: Fellmonger, Pelt grader, Tanner Shoemakers and related workers make, modify and repair standard, custom or orthopaedic footwear and natural or synthetic leather articles such as luggage, handbags and belts (except for leather garments, hats and gloves), or participate in the manufacture of shoes and related goods. They decorate, reinforce or finish shoes, luggage, handbags and belts.

Tasks include:
(a) making, modifying and repairing standard footwear to meet individual requirements;
(b) making, modifying and repairing orthopaedic or therapeutic footwear according to doctors’ prescriptions, or modifying existing footwear for people with foot problems and special needs;
(c) repairing belts, luggage, purses and similar products;
(d) taking plaster casts of deformed legs or feet to prepare drawings;
(e) preparing inserts, heel pads and lifts from casts of customers’ feet;
(f) studying drawings and other specifications to make footwear according to customers’ needs;
(g) studying work orders and/or shoe part tags to obtain information about workloads, specifications and the types of materials to be used;
(h) checking the texture, color and strength of leather to ensure that it is adequate for a particular purpose;
(i) cutting out, shaping and padding parts for making leather articles;
(j) sewing rips or patching holes to repair articles such as purses, belts, shoes and luggage;
(k) removing and examining shoes, shoe parts and designs to verify conformity with specifications, such as proper embedding of stitches in channels;
(l) attaching accessories or ornamentation to decorate or protect products;
(m) making and repairing articles such as saddles and harnesses for animals, luggage, handbags, briefcases, leather bags, belts and other accessories.

Examples: Cobbler, Orthopaedic shoemaker, Saddler, Shoemaker

2754Machinery, Metallurgy, and Related Trades Workers

Metal moulders and coremakers make moulds and cores for casting metal.

Tasks include:
(a) making moulds by hand or using auxiliary machines on a bench for small metal castings, on the foundry floor, or in a pit for large castings;
(b) making cores for use in metal moulds;
(c) cleaning and smoothing moulds, core boxes, and repairing surface imperfections;
(d) moving and positioning work pieces such as mould sections, patterns and bottom boards, using cranes, or signalling others to move work pieces;
(e) positioning patterns inside mould sections and clamping sections together;
(f) cutting spouts, runner holes and sprue holes into moulds;
(g) lifting upper mould sections from lower sections and remove moulded patterns.

Examples: Coremaker, Metal casting moulder Welders and flame cutters weld and cut metal parts using gas flame, electric arc and other sources of heat to melt and cut, or to melt and fuse metal.

Tasks include:
(a) welding metal parts using gas flame, or an electric arc, thermite compound or other methods;
(b) operating resistance-welding machines;
(c) using blowtorches to make and repair lead linings, pipes, floors and other lead fixtures;
(d) brazing metal parts together;
(e) cutting metal pieces using gas flame or an electric arc;
(f) joining metal parts by hand soldering;
(g) monitoring the fitting, burning and welding processes to avoid overheating of parts or warping, shrinking, distortion or expansion of material;
(h) examining work pieces for defects and measuring work pieces with straight edges or templates to ensure conformity with specifications.

Examples: Brazier, Flame cutter, Welder Sheet metal workers make, install and repair articles and parts of articles made out of sheet metal such as sheet steel, copper, tin, brass, aluminium, zinc or galvanized iron.

Tasks include:
(a) marking sheet metal for cutting and shaping;
(b) making and repairing household utensils and other articles in tin, copper and light alloys, or ornamental articles and fittings;
(c) making and repairing boilers, tanks, vats and similar containers;
(d) installing and repairing sheet metal parts of vehicles and aircraft;
(e) converting blueprints into shop drawings to be followed in the construction and assembly of sheet metal products;
(f) determining project requirements, including scope, assembly sequences and required methods and materials, according to blueprints, drawings and written or verbal instructions;
(g) inspecting product quality and installation to ensure conformity with specifications.

Examples: Boilersmith, Coppersmith, Panel beater, Tinsmith Structural metal preparers and erectors assemble, erect and dismantle structural metal frames of buildings and other structures.

Tasks include:
(a) marking metal framework as a guide when drilling cutting, and shaping metal stock for use in buildings, ships and other structures;
(b) drilling, cutting and shaping structural steel in a workshop;
(c) erecting steel framework for buildings, bridges and other constructions;
(d) assembling and erecting the framework and other metal parts of ships’ structures;
(e) shaping and fitting structural steel plates of ships under construction or repair;
(f) riveting structural metal members by hand, machine or pneumatic riveter.

Examples: Erector, structural metal; Preparer, structural metal; Riveter Riggers and cable splicers assemble rigging gear to move and position equipment and structural components, or install and maintain cables, ropes and wires on construction sites, buildings or other structures.

Tasks include:
(a) estimating the size, shape and weight of objects to be moved and deciding on the type of equipment to move them;
(b) installing and repairing cables, ropes, wires, pulleys and other tackle;
(c) joining, repairing and fitting attachments to wires, ropes and cables;
(d) working as member of a crew erecting and repairing derricks for drilling water, gas and oil wells;
(e) lifting and mounting scenery, lighting and other equipment in theatres and on film sets;
(f) installing and maintaining communication towers, aerial cableways, funicular railways, ski lifts and similar infrastructure.

Examples: Cable and rope splicer, Rigger, Ship rigger, Theatrical rigger, Tower rigger Blacksmiths, hammersmiths and forging press workers hammer and forge bars, rods, ingots and plates of iron, steel or other metals, and draw wire to make and repair various kinds of tools, metal articles, pieces of equipment, and agricultural and related implements.

Tasks include:
(a) heating metal in forge furnaces and manufacturing and repairing articles by drawing, bending, cutting, hammering metal on an anvil, punching, shearing, joining and hardening or tempering;
(b) shaping heated metal into forgings on power hammers equipped with open dies;
(c) operating closed-die drop hammers to forge metal articles;
(d) operating a power-press machine equipped with closed dies to forge metal articles;
(e) drawing wire;
(f) reading work orders or blueprints to determine specified tolerances and sequences of operations for machine setup;
(g) measuring and inspecting machine parts to ensure conformity with product specifications.

Examples: Blacksmith, Drop hammer worker, Forging press worker, Hammersmith Toolmakers and related workers make and repair custom-made and specialized tools, sports guns, locks, dies, patterns, machinery components and other metal articles using hand and machine tools to work metal to fine tolerances.

Tasks include:
(a) reading and interpreting engineering drawings and specifications of tools, dies, prototypes or models;
(b) preparing templates and sketches, and determining work processes;
(c) visualizing and computing dimensions, sizes, shapes and tolerances of assemblies, based on specifications;
(d) positioning, securing and measuring metal stock or castings to lay out for machining;
(e) setting up, operating and maintaining conventional and computer numerically controlled machine tools to cut, turn, mill, plane, drill, bore, grind or otherwise shape work pieces to prescribed dimensions and finish;
(f) fitting and assembling parts to make and repair jigs, fixtures and gauges;
(g) repairing and modifying sports guns and other small arms;
(h) making, fitting, assembling, repairing and installing lock parts and locks;
(i) making and repairing metal patterns for preparation of foundry moulds;
(j) laying out lines and reference points on metal stock to guide other workers who cut, turn, mill, grind or otherwise shape metal;
(k) verifying dimensions, alignments and clearances of finished parts for conformity with specifications, using precision measuring instruments and testing completed items for proper operation.

Examples: Die maker, Gunsmith, Jig maker, Locksmith, Patternmaker, Toolmaker Metal working machine tool setters and operators set and/or operate various machine tools, working to fine tolerances.

Tasks include:
(a) setting one or more types of machine tool for production of metal articles in standardized series;
(b) operating and monitoring metal working machines such as lathes, milling, planing, boring, drilling, grinding or honing machines, including multipurpose numerically controlled metal working machines;
(c) performing similar tasks when machining plastics and other metal substitutes;
(d) observing machine operations to detect work piece defects or machine malfunctions, and adjusting machines as necessary;
(e) inspecting work pieces for defects, and measuring work pieces to determine accuracy of machine operation, using rules, templates or other measuring instruments;
(f) changing worn machine accessories such as cutting tools and brushes, using hand tools.

Examples: Boring machine operator, Casting machine operator, Machine tool operator, Machine tool setter, Machine tool setter–operator, Metal turner, Rivet production machine operator, Tool production machine operator Metal polishers, wheel grinders and tool sharpeners polish and grind metal surfaces and sharpen tools.

Tasks include:
(a) operating fixed or portable buffing and polishing machines;
(b) sharpening cutting tools and instruments using grinding wheels or mechanically operated grinding machines;
(c) repairing, adjusting and sharpening saw blades and metal teeth of cylinders in textile carding machines;
(d) dressing grinding wheels according to specifications;
(e) monitoring machine operations to determine whether adjustments are necessary, and stopping machines when problems occur;
(f) inspecting, feeling and measuring work pieces to ensure that surfaces and dimensions meet specifications;
(g) selecting and mounting grinding wheels on machines according to specifications, using hand tools and applying knowledge of abrasives and grinding procedures.

Examples: Knife sharpener, Metal finisher, Metal polisher, Tool grinder

2755Wood and Related Trades Workers

Wood treaters season, preserve and treat wood and lumber manually or using wood treatment equipment such as kilns and tanks.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and tending kilns, treating tanks and other equipment to dry lumber, prepare and season wood and other wood products, and to impregnate wood products with preservatives;
(b) monitoring equipment operation, gauges and panel lights in order to detect deviations from standards and to ensure that processes are operating according to specifications;
(c) operating valves to admit treating solution into treatment vessels, maintain specified heat, vacuum and hydraulic pressure and levels of solution during each phase of the treatment cycle;
(d) activating vacuum and hydraulic pressure pumps that remove air and steam from retorts and force treating solution into pores of wood to accelerate the treatment process;
(e) assisting in maintaining processing equipment and machines as required;
(f) cleaning, lubricating and adjusting equipment;
(g) transporting materials and products to and from work areas manually or using carts, handtrucks or hoists;
(h) completing and maintaining production reports.

Examples: Dry kiln operator, Lumber kiln operator, Timber treating tank operator, Veneer dryer tender Wood seasoner, Wood treater Cabinet-makers and related workers make, decorate and repair wooden furniture, carts and other vehicles, wheels, parts, fittings, patterns, models and other wooden products using woodworking machines, machine tools and specialized hand tools.

Tasks include:
(a) operating woodworking machines such as power saws, jointers, mortisers and shapers, and using hand tools to cut, shape and form parts and components;
(b) studying plans, verifying dimensions of articles to be made, or preparing specifications and checking the quality and fit of pieces in order to ensure adherence to specifications;
(c) trimming joints and fitting parts and subassemblies together to form complete units using glue and clamps, and reinforcing joints using nails, screws or other fasteners;
(d) making, restyling and repairing various wooden articles such as cabinets, furniture, vehicles, scale models, sports equipment and other parts or products;
(e) decorating furniture and fixtures by inlaying wood or applying veneer and carving designs;
(f) finishing surfaces of wooden articles or furniture.

Examples: Cabinet-maker, Cartwright, Furniture cabinet-maker, Wheelwright, Wood patternmaker Woodworking machine tool setters and operators set-up, operate and monitor automatic or semi-automatic woodworking machines such as precision sawing, shaping, planing, boring, turning and woodcarving machines to fabricate or repair wooden parts for furniture, fixtures and other wooden products.

Tasks include:
(a) setting up, programming, operating and monitoring several types of woodworking machines for sawing, shaping, boring, drilling, planing, pressing, turning, sanding or carving to fabricate or repair wooden parts for furniture, fixtures and other wooden products;
(b) operating preset special-purpose woodworking machines to fabricate wooden products such as coat hangers, mop handles, clothespins and other products;
(c) selecting knives, saws, blades, cutter heads, cams, bits or belts according to work piece, machine functions and product specifications;
(d) installing and adjusting blades, cutter heads, boring-bits and sanding-belts, and using hand tools and rules;
(e) setting and adjusting various kinds of woodworking machines for operation by others;
(f) reading and interpreting specifications or following verbal instructions.

Examples: Carving machine operator (wood), Furniture production machine operator, Precision woodworking sawyer, Wood products machine operator, Wood turner, Woodworking lathe operator, Woodworking machine setter, Woodworking machine setter-operator, Woodworking machine set-up operator

276Skilled Workers in Manufactring — Assemblers

2761Assemblers, Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers assemble or modify, according to procedures strictly laid down, components of electrical, electromechanical and electronic equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) assembling component parts and electrical and electronic systems and positioning, aligning and fastening units to assemblies, subassemblies or frames using hand or power tools, soldering and micro-welding equipment.;
(b) reviewing work orders, specifications, diagrams and drawings to determine materials needed and assembly instructions;
(c) recording production and operational data on specified forms;
(d) operating wire-coiling machines to wind wire coils used in electrical equipment and components such as registers, transformers, armature wires, electric motors and generators;
(e) inspecting and testing completed components and assemblies, wiring installations and circuits, and rejecting faulty assembly components.

Examples: Armature assembler, Electrical equipment assembler, Electromechanical equipment assembler, Electronic equipment assembler, Etcher (printed circuit board), Telephone assembler, Television assembler, Watch assembler

2762Assemblers, Mechanical Machinery

Mechanical machinery assemblers assemble, according to procedures strictly laid down, component parts of mechanical machinery such as engines, motor vehicles, turbines and aircraft.

Tasks include:
(a) assembling and installing prefabricated parts or components to form subassemblies, mechanical machinery, engines and finished motor vehicles;
(b) reviewing work orders, specifications, diagrams and drawings to determine materials needed and assembly instructions;
(c) recording production and operational data on specified forms;
(d) inspecting and testing completed components and assemblies;
(e) rejecting faulty assemblies and components.

Examples: Aircraft assembler, Bench fitter (trucks), Engine assembler, Engine installer, Gearbox assembler, Turbine assembler, Vehicle assembler

276NAssemblers, Not Elsewhere Classified

Assemblers not elsewhere classified assemble, according to procedures strictly laid down, various products that do not include electronic, electrical, or mechanical components.

Tasks include:
(a) assembling component parts and positioning, aligning and fastening units to assemblies, subassemblies or frames using hand or power tools, soldering and micro-welding equipment;
(b) reviewing work orders, specifications, diagrams and drawings to determine materials needed and assembly instructions;
(c) recording production and operational data on specified forms;
(d) inspecting and testing components and completed assemblies;
(e) rejecting faulty products.

Examples: Ammunition assembler, Bicycle assembler, Box builder, Door assembler, Eyeglass frame assembler, Furniture finisher (wood), Jewelry assembler, Knife assembler, Leather products assembler, Luggage finisher, Metal products assembler (except mechanical), Paperboard products assembler, Pen and pencil assembler, Plastic products assembler, Plastic toy assembler, Rubber products assembler, Sun-blinds assembler, Textile products assembler, Thermos bottle assembler, Wood products assembler

277Skilled Workers in Manufactring — Mobile Plant and Machinery

2771Mobile Plant and Machine Operators — Crane, Hoist, and Related

Crane, hoist and related plant operators monitor and operate stationary and mobile cranes and other hoisting equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring stationary or mobile cranes by raising and lowering jibs and booms to lift, move, position or place equipment and materials;
(b) operating and monitoring equipment for hoisting, lowering or raising workers and materials on construction sites or in mines;
(c) operating and monitoring ski-lifts and similar equipment;
(d) operating and monitoring machinery used to haul ferries or barges with goods, passengers and vehicles across short stretches of water;
(e) operating and monitoring machinery to open and close bridges for the passage of road and water traffic;
(f) operating and monitoring cranes equipped with dredging attachments to dredge waterways and other areas;
(g) operating cranes mounted on boats or barges to lift, move and place equipment and materials.

Examples: Cable car operator, Chair-lift operator, Crane operator, Funicular driver, Hoist operator, Mine cage operator, Ski-lift operator

2772Mobile Plant and Machine Operators — Earthmoving and Related

Earthmoving and related plant operators operate machines to excavate, grade, level, smooth and compact earth or similar materials.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring excavating machinery equipped with moveable shovels, grab-buckets or dragline buckets, to excavate and move earth, rock, sand, gravel or similar materials;
(b) operating and monitoring machinery for digging trenches for sewers, drainage, water, oil, gas or similar pipelines;
(c) operating and monitoring machinery equipped with concave steel blades to move, distribute and level earth, sand, snow and other materials;
(d) operating and monitoring equipment to remove sand, gravel and mud from bottom of body of water;
(e) operating and monitoring machines for hammering wooden, concrete or steel piles into ground;
(f) operating and monitoring power rollers to compact and smooth layers of materials in making roads and pavements, and similar work;
(g) operating and monitoring machines which spread and smooth concrete or bituminous or tar preparations to construct roadways, roads or similar surfaces.

Examples: Bulldozer operator, Excavator operator, Front-end loader operator, Pile-driver operator, Road-roller operator, Road surface laying machine operator, Snow-groomer operator

2773Mobile Plant and Machine Operators — Lifting Trucks

Lifting truck operators drive, operate and monitor lifting trucks or similar vehicles to transport, lift and stack pallets with goods.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring lifting truck and similar equipment to load and unload, transport, lift and stack goods and pallets in terminals, harbours, warehouses, factories and other establishments;
(b) positioning lifting devices under, over, or around loaded pallets, skids and boxes, and securing material or products for transport to designated areas;
(c) inspecting equipment to identify wear and damage;
(d) performing routine maintenance on vehicles and equipment;
(e) keeping records of work undertaken and breakdowns of vehicles.

Examples: Forklift truck driver

2774Mobile Plant and Machine Operators — Mobile Farms and Forestry Plants

Mobile farm and forestry plant operators drive, tend, operate and monitor one or more types of special-purpose motorized mobile machinery or equipment used in agricultural, horticultural and forestry operations.

Tasks include:
(a) driving and tending tractor-drawn or self-propelled special-purpose farm machinery to plough land and sow, fertilize, cultivate and harvest crops;
(b) driving and tending tractor-drawn or self-propelled special-purpose forestry machinery to clear land, plant, harvest and carry trees and timber or perform other forestry operations;
(c) preparing and positioning plant for operation;
(d) adjusting speed, height and depth of implements;
(e) operating plant to hold, lift and cut trees;
(f) operating attachments to lift, swing, release and sort trees and logs, and operating auxiliary plant such as chipping machines and log splitting machines;
(g) feeding felled trees into processors to strip limbs and cut into logs and loading logs onto stockpiles and into trucks;
(h) servicing machinery and performing minor repairs.

Examples: Harvester operator, Logging plant operator, Timber carrier driver, Tractor driver, Tree faller operator

278Skilled Workers in Manufactring — Stationary Plant and Machinery

2781Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Boilers and Steam Engines

Steam engine and boiler operators maintain and operate various types of steam engines, boilers, turbines and auxiliary equipment to provide power and other utility services for commercial, industrial and institutional buildings, at work sites and aboard ships or self-propelled vessels.

Tasks include:
(a) operating, cleaning, lubricating and monitoring steam engines, boilers and auxiliary equipment such as pumps, compressors and air-conditioning equipment to supply and maintain steam and power for buildings, marine vessels or pneumatic tools;
(b) analysing and recording instrument readings, troubleshooting and performing minor repairs to prevent equipment or system failure;
(c) monitoring and inspecting performance of equipment for efficient operation and ensuring that boiler water, chemicals and fuel are maintained at required levels;
(d) firing coal furnaces by hand or with stokers and gas- or oil-fed boilers, using automatic gas feeds or oil pumps;
(e) testing boiler water quality or arranging for testing, adjusting and taking necessary corrective action, such as adding chemicals to prevent corrosion and harmful deposits;
(f) monitoring ship’s engine, machinery and equipment indicators, recording variables and reporting abnormalities to the ship’s engineer officer on watch;
(g) operating and maintaining off-loading liquid pumps and valves.

Examples: Boiler tender, Ship’s boiler operator, Stationary engineer, Steam engine operator, Stoker

2782Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Bottling, Labelling, Packing

Packing, bottling and labelling machine operators monitor and operate machines which weigh, pack and label various products or fill different containers with products.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machines that weigh, wrap, seal and pack various products;
(b) operating and monitoring machines that fill and seal tubes, bottles, cans, boxes, bags and other containers with products such as food, beverages, paints, oils and lotions;
(c) operating and monitoring machines that, by gluing or other methods, label products, packages and various containers.

Examples: Bottle filler, Canning machine operator, Labelling machine operator, Packing machine operator, Wrapping machine operator

2783Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Ceramics, Glass, and Related

Glass and ceramics plant operators monitor and operate kilns, furnaces and other machinery and equipment used in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, porcelain, tiles or bricks. They operate machines to anneal, harden or decorate glass and ceramics.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring glass-making furnaces to make glass by melting and fusing pre-mixed ingredients;
(b) tending hot- or cold-end spray equipment used to coat glassware with surface hardener;
(c) operating and maintaining machines that press or blow molten glass into moulds to form or shape containers such as bottles, jars and drinking glasses;
(d) operating hand presses to mould glass into required shape;
(e) operating drawing kilns to process molten glass into continuous sheets of flat glass;
(f) operating and monitoring floating-glass production plants;
(g) operating and maintaining finishing machines to grind, drill, sand, bevel, decorate, wash or polish glass or glass products;
(h) setting and operating press machines to mould ceramic articles from moist clay;
(i) operating machines to mix clay with water to knead it into a suitable plastic condition or semi-liquid form for making ceramic products;
(j) operating and monitoring kilns which bake pottery, porcelain ware, bricks and tiles;
(k) operating and monitoring machines for making glaze or abrasives;
(l) operating and monitoring machines which extrude molten glass to form fibreglass filaments;
(m) observing finished products to identify splits, cracks, breaks, color and other imperfections.

Examples: Brick kiln operator, Ceramics painting machine operator, Clay mixing machine operator, Extruding clay press operator, Furnace operator (glass production), Glass blowing machine operator, Glass mixing machine operator, Glass production furnace operator, Pottery kiln operator, Tile kiln operator

2784Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Chemical and Photographic Products

Chemical products plant and machine operators monitor and operate units and machinery to blend, mix, process and package a wide range of chemical products.

Tasks include:
(a) setting up, starting, controlling, adjusting and stopping machines and plant;
(b) monitoring reaction processes and transfers of products in conformity with safety procedures;
(c) monitoring meters, gauges and electronic instrumentation on one or more chemical or formulation units, such as mixers, kettles, blenders, dryers, or tabletting, encapsulation, granulation and coating machines;
(d) measuring, weighing and loading chemical ingredients following formulation cards;
(e) making samples and performing routine chemical and physical tests of products and recording production data;
(f) cleaning and performing minor repairs to machines and plant.

Examples: Candle production machine operator, Explosive products machine operator, Pharmaceutical and toiletry products machine operator Photographic products machine operators operate and monitor equipment which makes photographic film and paper, and which processes exposed photographic film and makes prints.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring equipment which makes photographic film and paper;
(b) operating, monitoring and testing photographic processing and printing equipment, and maintaining operational standards;
(c) preparing exposed film for different processing batches in dark rooms and dark chambers;
(d) inspecting images, films and prints, and adjusting settings on printmaking equipment to produce the required color, brightness, contrast, number, size and type of prints;
(e) adjusting settings and running automatic developing equipment;
(f) operating equipment to transfer film to videotape or other electronic media;
(g) performing photographic processing-related tasks;
(h) operating automatic equipment (in retail establishments) to develop color negatives, prints and slides.

Examples: Color developer (film), Darkroom technician, Developing machine operator (photography), Enlarging machine operator, Photograph enlarger, Photographic film machine operator, Photographic film printer, Photographic processor, Photograph printer

2785Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Food and Related Products

Food and related products machine operators set, operate and attend machinery used to slaughter animals and trim meat from carcasses; bake, freeze, heat, crush, mix, blend and otherwise process foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco leaves.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machinery used to restrain, stun and slaughter animals and to trim carcasses into standard meat and fish cuts;
(b) setting, operating and attending machinery and ovens to mix, bake and otherwise prepare bread and flour confectionery products;
(c) operating machinery to crush, mix, malt, cook and ferment grains and fruits to produce beer, wines, malt liquors, vinegar, yeast and related products;
(d) attending equipment to make jam, toffee, cheese, processed cheese, margarine, syrup, ice, pasta, ice-cream, sausages, chocolate, maize starch, edible fats and dextrin;
(e) operating equipment to cool, heat, dry, roast, blanch, pasteurize, smoke, sterilize, freeze, evaporate and concentrate foodstuffs and liquids used in food processing;
(f) mixing, pulping, grinding, blending and separating foodstuffs and liquids with churning, pressing, sieving, grinding and filtering equipment;
(g) processing tobacco leaves by machine to make cigarettes, cigars, pipe and other tobacco products.

Examples: Bakery products machine operator, Bread production machine operator, Chocolate production machine operator, Cigarette production machine operator, Cigar production machine operator, Dairy products machine operator, Fish processing machine operator, Meat processing machine operator, Milk processing machine operator

2786Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Fur, Leather, and Textile Products

This class covers textile, fur and leather products machine operators not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 815: Textile, Fur and Leather Products Machine Operators. For instance, the group includes those engaged in operating and monitoring machines which make hats, tents, mattresses or miscellaneous articles such as braids or other trimmings.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machines which form and make hats out of textiles, fur or leather;
(b) operating and monitoring machines which make miscellaneous articles such as braids or other trimmings;
(c) operating and monitoring machines which fold cloth into measured length;
(d) operating and monitoring machines which wind thread, twine or yarn into balls preparatory to shipping or further processing;
(e) operating and monitoring machines to measure size of pieces of leather.

Examples: Braid making machine operator, Hat making machine operator, Tent making machine operator, Textile patternmaking machine operator Bleaching, dyeing and fabric cleaning machine operators operate and monitor machines that bleach, shrink, dye and otherwise treat fibres, yarn or cloth.

Tasks include:
(a) starting and controlling machines and equipment to bleach, dye or otherwise process and finish fabric, yarn, thread and/or other textile goods;
(b) tending machines that shrink woven or knitted cloth to predetermined size or strengthen the weave by interlocking the fibres;
(c) tending a variety of automatic machines that comb and polish furs;
(d) operating and monitoring machines that treat silk to give it body and weight;
(e) operating and monitoring machines that impregnate textiles with chemicals to render them waterproof;
(f) dyeing articles to change or restore their colors;
(g) operating and monitoring machines that stretch or impart lustre or other type of finish to textiles;
(h) tending and regulating equipment that fumigates and removes foreign matter from furs;
(i) operating machines that comb, dry and polish furs, and clean, sterilize and fluff feathers and blankets;
(j) keying in processing instructions to program electronic equipment;
(k) observing display screens, control panels, equipment and cloth entering or exiting processes to determine if equipment is operating correctly;
(l) cleaning machine filters and lubricating equipment.

Examples: Fabric bleaching machine operator, Textile dyeing machine operator Fibre preparing, spinning and winding machine operators monitor and operate machines which prepare fibres, and spin, double, twist and wind yarn and thread from natural textile fibres. They twist two or more strands of yarn to prepare single stronger, smoother, uniform and heavier strands, and treat textiles to make them stiff and water resistant.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machines for tearing woollen rags into fibre;
(b) operating and monitoring machines for cleaning and turning woollen yarn waste into fluffed wool;
(c) operating and monitoring machines which combine textile fibres into uniform blends;
(d) operating and monitoring machines which clean and fluff textile fibres, transform them into sliver, comb them into sliver for first drawing, combine slivers into sliver lap or sliver laps into ribbon lap;
(e) operating draw frames (machines) having numbers of drawing sets, each set combining several slivers into one of nearly the same weight and thickness as any of the original slivers;
(f) operating and monitoring machines which spin thread and yarn from roving, wind two or more threads onto a bobbin, twist two or more strands of yarn or thread into single strands of yarn to increase strength, smoothness and/or uniformity of yarn, or wind yarn or thread from one package to another;
(g) operating and monitoring spinning frames that draw out and twist roving or sliver into yarn;
(h) operating and monitoring machines for drawing slivers received from drawing machines into loosely twisted strands;
(i) preparing sizing for use in stiffening and finishing cloth and yarn by mixing ingredients such as starch, tallow, resins and soaps with water and boiling mixture for specified times in steam;
(j) treating textiles with chemicals to make them water resistant;
(k) cleaning rollers and cylinders of carding machines to remove wool waste;
(l) operating and resurfacing metal drawing rolls of various spinning, combing and lapping machines with new rubber or leather covers.

Examples: Fibre combing machine operator, Fibre preparing machine operator, Thread and yarn spinning machine operator, Thread and yarn twisting machine operator, Thread and yarn winding machine operator Fur and leather preparing machine operators monitor and operate various machines that prepare leather or treat fur- or wool-bearing pelts. They trim, scrape, clean, tan, buff and dye animal hides, pelts or skins to produce leather stock and finished furs.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machines which remove flesh and fat from hides or pelts to clean and soften them prior to processing;
(b) operating and monitoring machines which remove long coarse hair from fur pelts, trim hair to even length and dye, stretch and smooth dressed pelts;
(c) operating and monitoring machines to remove epidermis hair roots, pigment cells and lime salts from the grain side of skin;
(d) operating and monitoring machines to reduce thickness of hide or skin to uniform size;
(e) operating and monitoring machines to polish or roughen hides or skins to specified finishes;
(f) operating and monitoring machines which separate residual wool from skins, or flesh and hair from hides;
(g) operating and monitoring machines in which hides are split edgeways to form two or more pieces or to give uniform thickness;
(h) operating and monitoring machines which treat hides and skins in solutions to convert them into leather;
(i) treating surfaces of leather with oil and operating glazing machines to give glossy finishes to leather;
(j) operating and monitoring machines which apply dyes and stains to leather;
(k) maintaining and repairing vats and other machinery.

Examples: Hide dehairing machine operator, Leather staining machine operator, Tanning machine operator Weaving and knitting machine operators set up, operate and monitor weaving and knitting machines which process yarn or thread into woven, non-woven and knitted products such as cloth, lace, carpets, industrial fabric, hosiery and knitted garments, or to quilt and embroider fabric.

Tasks include:
(a) setting up and operating batteries of automatic, link-type knitting machines to knit garments of specified pattern and design;
(b) threading yarn, thread and fabric through guides, needles and rollers of machines for weaving, knitting or other processing;
(c) tending automatic looms that simultaneously weave pile yarn, filling yarn and warp yarn material to produce carpets and rugs with various colored designs;
(d) operating and monitoring looms on which yarn or twist is intersected and knotted at regular intervals to form mesh;
(e) operating and monitoring large automatic multi-needle machines to embroider material or to sew lengths of several layers of material to make yard goods, quilts or mattress coverings;
(f) tending circular knitting machines with automatic pattern controls that knit seamless hose;
(g) operating and monitoring knitting machines to knit hosiery to shape of foot and leg;
(h) operating and monitoring machines for knitting heels and toes of socks into ribs or tops cut from circular fabric;
(i) operating and monitoring machines which seam openings in toes of socks;
(j) operating and monitoring crochet machines to knit lace, trimming, etc. of desired patterns or design;
(k) examining looms to determine causes of loom stoppage, such as warp filling, harness breaks or mechanical defects;
(l) repairing or replacing worn or defective needles and other components;
(m) cleaning, oiling and lubricating machines, using air hoses, cleaning solutions, rags, oil cans and/or grease guns.

Examples: Carpet weaving machine operator, Knitting machine operator, Net production machine operator, Weaving machine operator Laundry machine operators operate laundry, dry-cleaning, pressing and fabric treatment machines in laundries and dry-cleaning establishments.

Tasks include:
(a) sorting articles for cleaning according to the type, color, fabric and cleaning treatment required;
(b) placing sorted articles into receptacles and onto conveyor belts for moving to repair and cleaning areas;
(c) checking and removing stains from garments, replacing buttons and making minor repairs;
(d) loading and unloading washing machines, driers and extractors;
(e) adding cleaning agents and starches to articles;
(f) smoothing articles and guiding them through cleaning and pressing machines;
(g) stopping and starting machines to untangle, straighten and remove articles;
(h) placing articles on shelves and hanging articles for delivery and collection;
(i) packaging articles and preparing orders for despatch.

Examples: Dry-cleaning machine operator, Laundry machine operator, Pressing machine operator (laundry) Sewing machine operators monitor and operate sewing machines to make, repair, darn and renovate textile, fur, synthetic or leather garments, or embroider ornamental designs on garments or other materials. They operate buttonhole making and eyelet holing machines to cut holes, stitch around holes, stitch buttons and fix eyelets to garments.

Tasks include:
(a) operating or tending sewing machines to perform garment sewing operations such as joining, reinforcing, seaming or decorating garments or garment parts;
(b) attaching buttons, hooks, zippers, fasteners or other accessories to fabric, using feeding hoppers or clamp holders;
(c) tending semiautomatic sewing machines with multiple-sewing heads controlled by pattern chains that embroider various designs on garments;
(d) operating machines such as single or double needle sergers and flat-bed felling machines to automatically join, reinforce or decorate material or articles;
(e) operating fur sewing machines to join fur pelt strips to required size and shape and join pelts into garment sections or shells;
(f) operating stitching machines to sew leather parts together for leather garments, handbags, gloves or similar items;
(g) monitoring machine operations to detect problems such as defective stitching, breaks in thread or machine malfunctions;
(h) performing equipment maintenance tasks such as replacing needles.

Examples: Embroidery machine operator, Sewing machine operator Shoemaking and related machine operators monitor and operate machines which produce and repair standard or special footwear, handbags and other accessories, mainly made of leather.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machines which mark patterns and cut shoe parts;
(b) operating and monitoring machines which sew shoe parts together, or edge, polish, or apply ornaments and perform finishing tasks;
(c) operating and monitoring machines which produce luggage, handbags, belts and other accessories, as well as other items such as saddles, collars or harnesses.

Examples: Machine operator (footwear production)

2787Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Metal and Related Products

Metal finishing, plating and coating machine operators monitor and operate equipment which finishes, plates and coats metal articles or parts in order to give them improved resistance to corrosion and abrasion, for decorative purposes, or to impart electrical or magnetic properties.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring equipment which cleans metal articles in preparation for electroplating, galvanizing, enamelling or similar processes;
(b) operating and monitoring electroplating equipment;
(c) operating and monitoring hot-dip equipment used to coat iron and steel products;
(d) operating and monitoring machines which automatically coat wire with non-ferrous metal;
(e) operating and monitoring equipment used to spray molten metal or other substances onto metal products to provide a protective or decorative coating or to build up worn or damaged surfaces;
(f) operating and monitoring equipment used to impart a rust-resistant finish to metal articles by treating them with chemicals and heating them;
(g) checking proper thickness of plating using micrometers, callipers or other devices, recording data and writing production logs;
(h) preparing and mixing metallizing solutions according to formulas or specifications.

Examples: Metal coating machine operator, Metal finishing machine operator, Metal plating machine operator, Metal polishing machine operator Metal processing plant operators monitor, operate, adjust and maintain single-function process machinery and equipment to process and convert mineral ores and refine, harden, roll and extrude metals.

Tasks include:
(a) setting up, preparing and adjusting mineral ore and metal processing machinery to carry out one step in the overall mineral ore or metal processing operation;
(b) operating single-function machinery to grind, separate, filter, mix, treat, cast, roll, refine or otherwise process metals and mineral ores;
(c) observing gauges, meters, computer printouts, video monitors and products to ensure the correct operation of machines and verify specified processing conditions;
(d) adjusting equipment, valves, pumps, controls and process equipment;
(e) controlling the preparation, measuring and feeding of raw materials and processing agents into the plant;
(f) controlling process start-up and shut-down, troubleshooting and monitoring outside process equipment;
(g) verifying equipment for malfunctions, carrying out routine operating tests and arranging for maintenance;
(h) analysing sample products, performing tests, recording data and writing production logs.

Examples: Ladle pourer, Metal extrusion plant operator, Metal heat treating operator, Steel roller

2788Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Paper, Wood, and Related Products

Paper products machine operators monitor and operate machines which produce boxes, envelopes, bags and other goods from paper, paperboard, cardboard and similar materials.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machines which glue paper to cardboard, cut it to the required length or cut and crease cardboard or paperboard to form box blanks;
(b) operating and monitoring pressing machines which form drinking cups or other containers from paper, paperboard or cardboard;
(c) operating and monitoring machines which cut, fold and glue paper to make envelopes and paper bags, or which form bags from other similar material.

Examples: Machine operator (cardboard products), Machine operator (envelope and paper bag production), Machine operator (paper box production), Paper products machine operator, Papier maché moulder Pulp and papermaking plant operators monitor and operate equipment to process wood, pulp and other cellulose materials in the production of pulp and to produce coat and finish paper.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring screening and bleaching equipment, digesters, mixing tanks, washers and other pulp processing machinery and equipment to carry out one or more cellulose processing steps;
(b) operating and monitoring papermaking and finishing process machinery and equipment to dry, calender, laminate, coat, slit, trim, wind or carry out other papermaking and finishing process steps;
(c) controlling start-up and shut-down of machinery and equipment, and observing equipment and machinery panel indicators, gauges and other equipment to detect machinery and equipment malfunctions and ensure that process steps are carried out according to specifications;
(d) communicating with process control operators to make process adjustments and to start up or shut down machinery and equipment as required;
(e) analysing instrument readings and production test samples and making adjustments to the production process and equipment as required;
(f) mounting, positioning and threading paper rolls using a hoist;
(g) inspecting paper visually for wrinkles, holes, discoloration, streaks or other defects, and taking corrective action;
(h) completing and maintaining production reports.

Examples: Calender operator (pulp and paper), Pulp and paper grinder operator, Repulper operator, Sheeter operator (pulp and paper) Wood processing plant operators monitor, operate and control lumber mill equipment for sawing timber logs into rough lumber, cutting veneer, making plywood and particle board, and otherwise preparing wood for further use.

Tasks include:
(a) examining logs and rough lumber to determine size, condition, quality and other characteristics to decide best lumber cuts to carry out, or operating automated equipment to convey logs through laser scanners which determine the most productive and profitable cutting patterns;
(b) operating and monitoring log in-feed and conveyor systems;
(c) operating and monitoring head saws, resaws and multiblade saws to saw logs, cants, flitches, slabs or wings and remove rough edges from sawn timber into dressed lumber of various sizes, and to saw or split shingles and shakes;
(d) operating and monitoring plywood core-laying machines and hot-plate plywood presses and machines which cut veneer;
(e) cleaning and lubricating sawmill equipment.

Examples: Circular saw operator, Log cut-off operator, Plywood press-operator, Sawmill operator, Sawmill planer operator, Sawmill trimmer operator, Wood processing plant sawyer, Veneer lathe operator

2789Stationary Plant and Machine Operators — Plastic, Rubber, and Related Products

Plastic products machine operators monitor and operate machines which knead and blend compounds to obtain plastic materials and which make various plastic components and articles.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machines which knead and blend compounds to obtain plastic materials;
(b) operating and monitoring machines which shape plastic materials by moulding, extrusion, blowing, cutting and other means;
(c) operating and monitoring machines which laminate plastics and plastic-impregnated materials or produce fibreglass;
(d) encasing uncoated wire, cord, cable and optic fibre in plastic;
(e) examining outputs for defects and conformity to specifications;
(f) recycling waste plastic materials;
(g) making artificial eyes and contact lens discs, making and repairing spectacle frames and plastic parts of orthopaedic appliances.

Examples: Laminated press operator (plastics), Optic fibre drawer, Plastic cable making machine operator, Plastic extrusion machine operator, Plastic moulder, Plastics boat builder, Plastics bottle blowing machine operator, Plastics products machine operator Rubber products machine operators monitor and operate machines which knead and blend rubber and rubber compounds and produce various components and products from natural and synthetic rubber, such as moulded footwear, domestic articles, insulating materials, industrial accessories or tyres.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring machines which knead, mix and blend rubber and rubber compounds for further processing;
(b) operating and monitoring machines which produce sheets of rubber or rubberized fabric by a rolling process;
(c) operating and monitoring machines which extrude compounded rubber or shape vulcanized rubber by moulding;
(d) operating and monitoring machines which build up tyres on a form, vulcanize tyres and mould or rebuild used tyres;
(e) examining outputs for defects and conformity to specifications;
(f) locating defects and repairing worn and faulty tyres by vulcanizing or other processes.

Examples: Latex worker, Rubber extruding machine operator, Rubber milling machine operator, Rubber moulder, Rubber products machine operator, Tire maker, Tire repairer, Vulcanizer

278NStationary Plant and Machine Operators — Not Elsewhere Classified

This class includes stationary plant and machine operators not classified elsewhere in Sub-Major Group 81: Stationary Plant and Machine Operators. The group includes, for instance, operators of machines which make silicon chips and splice cables and ropes.

Examples: Cable and rope splicing machine operator, Silicon chip production machine operator

279Skilled Workers in Transportation, Warehousing, Delivery, and Related

2791Clerks, Stock

Stock clerks maintain records of goods produced and production materials received, weighed, issued, dispatched or put into stock.

Tasks include:
(a) arranging and controlling receipt and dispatch of goods and keeping relevant records;
(b) maintaining stock records, verifying issue of goods, estimating needs and making requisitions of new stocks;
(c) receiving, storing and issuing tools, spare parts or various equipment, and maintaining relevant records;
(d) weighing goods received or produced, or for issue or dispatch, and maintaining relevant records;
(e) compiling inventories of furniture and other items received for storage.

Examples: Dispatch clerk (stock), Freight clerk, Stock clerk, Storeroom clerk, Weighing clerk

2792Clerks, Transport

Transport clerks keep records of operational aspects and coordinate the timing of train, road and air passenger and freight transport, and prepare reports for management.

Tasks include:
(a) keeping records of operational aspects and coordinating the timing of passenger and freight transport;
(b) directing train routings within a division or zone of a railway system and keeping related records;
(c) directing, controlling and keeping records of freight handling at a railway yard;
(d) coordinating and keeping records of operational activities concerning road transport, such as allocation and scheduling of vehicles and drivers, loading and unloading of vehicles, and storage of goods in transit;
(e) coordinating and keeping records of operational activities concerning air transport of passengers and freight, such as passenger lists and freight manifests;
(f) preparing reports for management.

Examples: Clerical controller (transport service), Clerical dispatcher (transport service)

2793Delivery — Mail Carriers and Sorting Clerks

Mail carriers and sorting clerks perform sorting, recording, delivery and other duties in connection with mail services from post offices or related organizations, as well as from or within an establishment.

Tasks include:
(a) performing mail-handling duties in public post offices or privately owned delivery establishments;
(b) sorting and delivering mail to private houses and businesses;
(c) providing delivery confirmation records when requested by the client;
(d) sorting and keeping simple records of incoming and outgoing correspondence and dispatching outgoing mail in various establishments;

Examples: Mail clerk, Post carrier, Postman/woman

2794Raiload Transportation — Locomotive Engine Drivers

Locomotive engine drivers drive, or assist in driving, locomotive engines to transport passengers and freight.

Tasks include:
(a) driving or assisting in driving a steam, electric or diesel-electric locomotive engine;
(b) driving an underground or elevated passenger train;
(c) driving a locomotive to haul carriages underground or on the surface of a mine or quarry;
(d) watching for track hazards and observing signals and indicator gauges;
(e) operating communications systems to communicate with train crews and traffic controllers to ensure safe operation and scheduling of trains.

Examples: Locomotive driver, Metropolitan railway driver, Train driver

2795Raiload Transportation — Railway Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators

Railway brakers, signallers and shunters take charge of and safeguard railway freight trains during runs, control the movement of railway traffic by operating signals, switch rolling stock and make up trains in railway yards, make up trains for hauling in mines and control their movement.

Tasks include:
(a) taking charge of and safeguarding freight train during runs;
(b) controlling the flow of railway traffic over sections of line by operating signals and switches from control panels or signal boxes;
(c) switching and coupling rolling stock in railway yards and sidings in accordance with orders about loading, unloading and make-up of trains;
(d) making up trains for hauling by locomotive or cable and directing their movement along haulage ways in a mine or quarry;
(e) checking train systems and equipment such as air-conditioning and heating systems, brakes and brake hoses prior to train run.

Examples: Braker (railway), Shunter (railway), Signaller (railway)

2796Road Transportation — Bus and Tram Drivers

Bus and tram drivers drive and tend buses or street tramcars to transport passengers, mail or goods.

Tasks include:
(a) driving and tending motor buses, trolley buses or motor coaches to transport local or long-distance passengers, mail or goods;
(b) driving and tending street tramcars transporting passengers;
(c) opening and closing doors before or after passengers board or alight;
(d) assisting passengers with luggage;
(e) controlling lighting, heating and ventilation on buses and trams;
(f) observing traffic to ensure safe progress;
(g) collecting fares or verifying that passengers have the necessary ticket.

Examples: Bus driver, Motor coach driver, Tram driver

2797Road Transportation — Car and Van Drivers

Car, taxi and van drivers drive and tend motorcars and vans to transport passengers, mail or goods.

Tasks include:
(a) driving and tending passenger vans, cars or taxis;
(b) driving and tending cars, vans or small trucks to deliver mail or goods;
(c) assisting passengers with handling of luggage;
(d) collecting fares, payments for deliveries, or documents certifying deliveries;
(e) operating telecommunications equipment to report location and availability, and following directions of control center;
(f) determining most appropriate route;
(g) assisting physically challenged passengers;
(h) operating equipment to facilitate the loading and unloading of physically challenged passengers.

Examples: Ambulance driver, Car driver, Parking valet, Taxi driver, Van driver

2798Road Transportation — Heavy Truck Drivers

Heavy truck and lorry drivers drive and tend heavy motor vehicles to transport goods, liquids and heavy materials over short or long distances.

Tasks include:
(a) driving and tending a heavy motor vehicle, such as a lorry with or without trailer or a dump-truck, to transport goods, liquids or heavy materials over short or long distances;
(b) determining the most appropriate routes;
(c) ensuring that goods are stowed and securely covered to prevent loss and damage;
(d) assisting with or carrying out loading or unloading operations, using various lifting or tipping devices;
(e) carrying out minor maintenance to vehicles, and arranging major maintenance and repairs;
(f) estimating weights to comply with load limitations, and ensuring the safe distribution of weights.

Examples: Concrete mixer driver, Garbage truck driver, Heavy truck driver, Road train driver

2799Road Transportation — Motorcycle Drivers

Motorcycle drivers drive and tend motorcycles or motorized tricycles equipped to transport materials, goods or passengers.

Tasks include:
(a) driving and tending motorcycles or motorized tricycles to transport materials, goods and passengers;
(b) observing traffic rules and signals;
(c) cleaning and washing vehicles as well as performing maintenance and minor repairs;
(d) keeping a record of journeys;
(e) delivering messages.

Examples: Dispatch rider, Driver (motorized rickshaw), Driver (motorized tricycle), Motorcyclist

28Skilled Workers in Sales and Services

281Skilled Workers in Beauty Services

2811Barbers, Hairstylists, and Related

Hairdressers cut, style, color, straighten and permanently wave hair, shave or trim facial hair and treat scalp conditions.

Tasks include:
(a) cutting, washing, tinting and waving hair;
(b) shaving or trimming beards and moustaches;
(c) giving scalp treatments;
(d) fitting wigs according to customers’ requirements;
(e) providing advice on hair care, beauty products and hairstyles;
(f) styling hair into dreadlocks and braids and adding hair extensions;
(g) arranging appointments and collecting payments;
(h) cleaning work areas and sanitizing instruments.

Examples: Barber, Hair care specialist, Hairdresser, Hairstylist

2812Beauticians and Related

Beauticians and related workers give facial and body beauty treatments, apply cosmetics and make-up and give other kinds of treatment to individuals in order to improve their appearance.

Tasks include:
(a) cleaning and applying creams, lotions and related products to face and other parts of the body;
(b) giving facial and body massage;
(c) applying make-up to clients of a beauty parlour or to actors and other performers;
(d) cleaning, shaping and polishing finger- and toenails and treating ailments of the human foot such as corns, calluses or deformed toenails;
(e) attending to clients taking baths and administering elementary massage;
(f) using waxing, sugaring and depilation techniques to remove unwanted bodily hair;
(g) advising clients on diet and exercise to assist in weight loss and slimming;
(h) arranging appointments and collecting payments.

Examples: Bath attendant, Beautician, Make-up artist, Manicurist, Pedicurist, Slimming consultant

282Skilled Workers in Cleaning Services

2821Building Caretakers

Building caretakers take care of apartment houses, hotels, offices, churches and other buildings and maintain them and associated grounds in a clean and orderly condition. They may supervise other workers and contractors depending on the size and nature of the building concerned.

Tasks include:
(a) supervising the work of cleaning, housekeeping and building maintenance staff and contractors;
(b) participating in cleaning, simple repairs and maintenance of building interiors;
(c) tending furnaces and boilers to ensure provision of heat and hot water;
(d) regulating conduct of tenants and visitors in such matters as noise abatement or misuse of property;
(e) providing small services to absent tenants such as accepting deliveries on their behalf or providing requested information to callers;
(f) notifying management and owners of buildings of the need for major repairs;
(g) patrolling buildings to ensure security is maintained;
(h) filling out registration forms and providing tenants with copies of rules.

Examples: Caretaker, Concierge (building), Janitor, Sexton

2822Cleaning and Housekeeping Supervisors, Commercial

Cleaning and housekeeping supervisors in offices, hotels and other establishments organize, supervise and carry out housekeeping functions in order to keep clean and tidy the interiors, fixtures and facilities in these establishments.

Tasks include:
(a) engaging, training, discharging, organizing and supervising helpers, cleaners and other housekeeping staff;
(b) purchasing or controlling the purchase of supplies;
(c) controlling storage and issue of supplies;
(d) supervising general welfare and conduct of individuals in institutions;
(e) sweeping or vacuum-cleaning, washing and polishing floors, furniture and other fixtures;
(f) making beds, cleaning bathrooms, supplying towels, soap and related items;
(g) cleaning kitchens and generally helping with kitchen work, including dishwashing;
(h) restocking mini-bars and replenishing items such as drinking glasses and writing equipment.

Examples: Housekeeper (hotel), Matron (housekeeping)

2823Cleaning and Housekeeping Supervisors, Domestic

Domestic housekeepers organize, supervise and carry out housekeeping functions in private households and small accommodation establishments with or without the support of subordinate staff.

Tasks include:
(a) supervising workers employed in households as domestic staff;
(b) purchasing or controlling the purchase of supplies;
(c) controlling storage and issue of supplies;
(d) assisting in cases of minor injury or illness by performing tasks such as taking temperature, giving medicine, putting on bandages;
(e) sweeping or vacuum-cleaning, washing and polishing floors, furniture and other fixtures.
(f) making beds, cleaning bathrooms, supplying towels, soap and related items;
(g) taking care of household pets and plants, receiving visitors, answering telephones, delivering messages and shopping for groceries;
(h) preparing and cooking meals, setting and clearing tables and serving food and beverages;
(i) cleaning kitchens and generally helping with kitchen work, including dishwashing.

Examples: Bed and breakfast operator, Butler, Domestic housekeeper

283Skilled Workers in Customer Services

2831Bank Tellers and Related

Bank tellers and related clerks deal directly with clients of banks or post offices in connection with receiving, changing and paying out money, or providing mail services.

Tasks include:
(a) processing customer cash deposits and withdrawals, cheques, transfers, bills, credit card payments, money orders, certified cheques and other related banking transactions;
(b) crediting and debiting clients’ accounts;
(c) paying bills and making money transfers on clients’ behalf;
(d) receiving mail, selling postage stamps and conducting other post office counter business such as bill payments, money transfers and related business;
(e) changing money from one currency to another, as requested by clients;
(f) making records of all transactions and reconciling them with cash balance.

Examples: Bank teller, Money changer, Post office counter clerk

2832Cashiers and Tickets Clerks

Cashiers and ticket clerks operate cash registers, optical price scanners, computers or other equipment to record and accept payment for the purchase of goods, services and admissions in settings such as stores, restaurants and ticket offices.

Tasks include:
(a) receiving and verifying payment by cash, cheque, credit card or automatic debit in stores, ticket offices or similar establishments;
(b) giving change and issuing receipts;
(c) issuing tickets for attendance at sporting and cultural events;
(d) counting and recording money received or paid out and balancing against cash register sales records;
(e) receiving incoming cash, checking it against sales slips and other documents, and preparing it for deposit at a financial institution
(f) operating cash registers to calculate totals to be paid from or to clients;
(g) scanning, weighing and recording prices of goods;
(h) wrapping and placing merchandise in bags.

Examples: Checkout operator, Service station cashier, Service station console operator, Store cashier, Ticket issuing clerk (entertainment and sporting events)

2833Contact Center Clerks

Contact center information clerks provide advice and information to clients, respond to queries regarding a company’s or an organization’s goods, services or policies, and process financial transactions using the telephone or electronic communications media such as email. They are located in premises that may be remote from clients or other operations of the organizations or companies about whom information is provided.

Tasks include:
(a) dealing with incoming calls and messages from clients, whether to answer queries, handle calls for service or sort out complaints;
(b) identifying requirements and entering events into a computer system;
(c) dispatching tasks to other units, when relevant;
(d) invoicing or handling payments, where necessary;
(e) sending letters, information sheets and other documents to clients;
(f) advising clients of additional products or services.

Examples: Customer contact center information clerk

2834General Receptionists

Receptionists (general) receive and welcome visitors, clients, or guests and respond to inquiries and requests including arranging for appointments.

Tasks include:
(a) receiving and welcoming visitors, guests or clients;
(b) making appointments for clients;
(c) dealing with telephone requests for information or appointments;
(d) directing clients to appropriate location or person;
(e) supplying information pamphlets, brochures or forms.

Examples: Medical office receptionist, Receptionist

2835Inquiry Clerks

Inquiry clerks respond to personal, written and electronic mail as well as telephone inquiries and complaints about the organization’s goods, services and policies, provide information and refer people to other sources. They are employed in locations which put them in direct contact with clients or with the production of the goods and services provided.

Tasks include:
(a) answering inquiries about goods, services and policy and providing information about their availability, location, price and related issues;
(b) responding to inquiries about problems and providing advice, information and assistance;
(c) recording information about inquiries and complaints;
(d) referring complex inquiries to team leaders or expert advisers;
(e) issuing relevant forms, information kits and brochures to interested parties.

Examples: Counter inquiries clerk, Information clerk

2836Scribes and Related

Scribes and related workers write letters and complete forms on behalf of persons who are unable to read or write.

Tasks include:
(a) reading letters and other written matter to persons who are unable to read or write and providing necessary interpretation and information;
(b) writing letters and completing forms on behalf of others;
(c) offering advice to individuals and interpreting and helping with the completion of government and other official forms.

Examples: Scribe

2837Service Station Attendants

Service station attendants sell fuel, lubricants and other automotive products and provide services such as fuelling, cleaning, lubricating and performing minor repairs to motor vehicles.

Tasks include:
(a) filling fuel tanks and containers to level specified by customer;
(b) checking and replenishing air pressure in vehicle tyres, oil and other vehicle fluid levels;
(c) washing vehicle windscreens and windows;
(d) performing minor repair work to vehicles such as replacing tyres, light bulbs and windscreen wiper blades;
(e) maintaining and operating automatic car wash facilities;
(f) collecting payments from customers for purchases;
(g) cleaning petrol pumps and surrounding driveways, shops and facilities;
(h) undertaking stock control and preparing reports on fuel, oil, accessories and other items sold.

Examples: Marina attendant, Service station attendant

283NSkilled Workers in Customer Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class includes client information workers not included elsewhere in Minor Group 422: Client Information Workers. For instance, it includes workers who obtain and process information from clients needed to determine eligibility for services.

Tasks include:
(a) interviewing patients to obtain and process information required to provide hospital services;
(b) interviewing applicants for public assistance to gather information pertinent to their application;
(c) verifying the accuracy of information provided;
(d) initiating procedures to grant, modify, deny or terminate assistance;
(e) providing information and answering questions concerning benefits and claims procedures;
(f) referring patients or applicants to other organizations if they are ineligible for services.

Examples: Eligibility interviewer, Eligibility specialist, Hospital admissions clerk

284Skilled Workers in Maintenance and Repair Services

2841Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers

Agricultural and industrial machinery mechanics and repairers fit, install, examine, service and repair engines, agricultural and industrial machinery and mechanical equipment, except motor vehicle, aircraft and electric motors.

Tasks include:
(a) fitting, installing, examining, servicing and repairing engines, machinery and mechanical equipment;
(b) oiling and greasing stationary engines and machinery;
(c) inspecting and testing new machinery and mechanical equipment for conformity with standards and specifications;
(d) disassembling machinery and equipment to remove parts and make repairs;
(e) examining parts for defects such as breakage and excessive wear;
(f) operating newly repaired machinery and equipment to verify the adequacy of repairs;
(g) recording repairs and maintenance performed.

Examples: Construction machinery mechanic, Construction machinery repairer, Farm machinery repairer, Mining machinery fitter, Mining machinery repairer, Stationary engine fitter, Stationary engine repairer, Train engine fitter, Train engine repairer

2842Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics

Air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics assemble, install, maintain and repair air conditioning and refrigeration systems and equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) interpreting blueprints, drawings and other specifications;
(b) assembling, installing and repairing components such as compressors, motors, condensers, evaporators, switches and gauges for air conditioning and refrigeration systems;
(c) connecting piping and equipment by bolting, riveting, welding or brazing;
(d) testing systems, diagnosing faults and performing routine maintenance or servicing.

Examples: Air conditioning equipment mechanic, Refrigeration mechanic

2843Aircraft Engine Mechanics and Repairers

Aircraft engine mechanics and repairers fit, service, repair and overhaul aircraft engines and assemblies, such as airframes and hydraulic and pneumatic systems.

Tasks include:
(a) fitting, examining, testing and servicing aircraft engines;
(b) replacing engine components or complete engines;
(c) examining and inspecting airframes and aircraft components, including landing gear, hydraulic systems and de-icers to detect wear, cracks, breaks, leaks or other problems;
(d) maintaining, repairing, overhauling, modifying and testing aircraft structural, mechanical and hydraulic systems;
(e) reading and interpreting manuals, service bulletins and other specifications to determine the feasibility and method of repairing or replacing malfunctioning or damaged components;
(f) maintaining, repairing and rebuilding aircraft structures, functional components and parts such as wings and fuselage, rigging, hydraulic units, oxygen systems, fuel systems, electrical systems, gaskets and seals;
(g) inspecting completed work to certify that maintenance meets standards and the aircraft is ready for operation;
(h) maintaining repair logs, documenting all preventive and corrective aircraft maintenance;
(i) installing and testing electrical and electronic components, assemblies and systems in aircraft;
(j) connecting components to assemblies such as radio systems, instruments, magnetos, inverters and in-flight refuelling systems.

Examples: Aeromechanic, Aircraft engine fitter, Aircraft maintenance engineer (airframes), Aircraft maintenance engineer (engines), Aircraft maintenance supervisor, Aircraft mechanic, Aircraft restorer, Aircraft service technician, Airframe and power plant mechanic, Airframe mechanic, Aviation maintenance technician, Helicopter mechanic, Jet engine mechanic, Pneudraulic systems mechanic (aircraft), Powerplant mechanic (aircraft), Rocket engine component mechanic

2844Bicycle and Related Repairers

Bicycle and related repairers fit, maintain, service and repair the mechanical and related equipment of bicycles, rickshaws, baby carriages, wheelchairs and similar non-motorized transport equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) examining, servicing and repairing bicycles and other non-motorized transport equipment;
(b) cleaning and lubricating bearings and other moving parts;
(c) replacing and repairing components and accessories such as brakes, gears, driving chain mechanisms, wheels and handlebars;
(d) changing tyres and controlling air pressure;
(e) spray-painting frames;
(f) assembling new bicycles, wheelchairs and similar non-motorized equipment.

Examples: Bicycle mechanic, Bicycle repairer, Perambulator repairer, Wheelchair repairer

2845Electrical Line Installers and Repairers

Electrical line installers and repairers install, repair and join electrical transmission and supply cables and related equipment.

Tasks include:
(a) installing and repairing overhead and underground electrical power and electrical traction lines;
(b) making joints in overhead and underground cables;
(c) adhering to safety practices and procedures, such as checking equipment regularly and erecting barriers around work areas;
(d) opening switches or attaching grounding devices to remove electrical hazards from disturbed or fallen lines or to facilitate repairs;
(e) climbing poles or using truck-mounted buckets to access equipment;
(f) identifying defective sectionalizing devices, circuit breakers, fuses, voltage regulators, transformers, switches, relays or wiring, using wiring diagrams and electrical-testing instruments.

Examples: Electric cable jointer, Electric power line worker

2846Electrical Mechanics and Fitters

Electrical mechanics and fitters fit, adjust, install and repair electrical machinery and other electrical apparatus and equipment in buildings, factories, motor vehicles, workshops or other places.

Tasks include:
(a) fitting, adjusting and repairing various kinds of electrical machinery and motors, generators, switchgear and control apparatus, instruments, or electrical parts of elevators and related equipment;
(b) fitting, adjusting and repairing electrical parts in domestic appliances, industrial machines and other appliances;
(c) inspecting and testing manufactured electrical products;
(d) installing, testing, connecting, commissioning, maintaining and modifying electrical equipment, wiring and control systems;
(e) designing, installing, maintaining, servicing and repairing electricand hydraulic passenger and freight lifts, escalators, moving walkways and other lift equipment;
(f) connecting electrical systems to the power supply;
(g) replacing and repairing defective parts.

Examples: Armature builder, Automotive electrician, Electrical generator fitter, Electrical mechanic, Lift mechanic

2847Electronics Mechanics and Servicers

Electronics mechanics and servicers fit, maintain, adjust and repair electronic equipment such as commercial and office machines and electronic instruments and control systems.

Tasks include:
(a) examining and testing machines, instruments, components, control systems and other electronic equipment to identify faults;
(b) adjusting, repairing and replacing worn and defective parts and wiring, and maintaining machines, equipment and instruments;
(c) reassembling, test operating and adjusting equipment;
(d) installing electronic instruments and control systems;
(e) coordinating work with that of engineers, technicians and other maintenance personnel;
(f) interpreting test data to diagnose malfunctions and systemic performance problems;
(g) installing, adjusting, repairing or replacing electrical and electronic components, assemblies and systems, using hand tools, power tools or soldering irons;
(h) connecting components to assemblies such as radio systems, instruments, magnetos, inverters and in-flight refuelling systems;
(i) keeping records of maintenance and repair work.

Examples: Aircraft maintenance engineer (avionics), Automated teller machines mechanic, Avionics technician, Electronic equipment servicer, Electronics mechanic, Photocopy machine technician

2848ICT Installers and Servicers

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) installers and servicers install, repair and maintain telecommunications equipment, data transmission equipment, cables, antennae and conduits, and repair, fit and maintain computers.

Tasks include:
(a) maintaining, troubleshooting, testing and repairing computers, data transmission equipment and computer peripherals;
(b) fitting and adjusting computer hardware;
(c) installing, maintaining, repairing and diagnosing malfunctions of microwave, telemetry, multiplexing, satellite and other radio and electromagnetic wave communications systems;
(d) providing technical advice and information, and monitoring the performance of complex telecommunications networks and equipment;
(e) installing and repairing cabling for computer, radio, telephone and television transmission;
(f) joining telecommunications and data cables, and sealing sheathes;
(g) installing, maintaining and repairing antennae used in communications.

Examples: Communications technology servicer, Computer equipment fitter, Computer hardware installer, Data and telecommunications cabler, Telecommunications equipment repairer, Telecommunications line worker, Telephone installer

2849Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers

Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers fit, install, maintain, service and repair engines and the mechanical and related equipment of passenger cars, delivery trucks, motorcycles and other motor vehicles.

Tasks include:
(a) detecting and diagnosing faults in engines and parts;
(b) fitting, examining, testing and servicing motor vehicle and motorcycle engines;
(c) replacing engine components or complete engines;
(d) fitting, examining, adjusting, dismantling, rebuilding and replacing defective parts of motor vehicles;
(e) installing or adjusting motors and brakes, and adjusting steering or other parts of motor vehicles;
(f) installing, adjusting, servicing and replacing mechatronics components of motor vehicles;
(g) performing scheduled maintenance services, such as oil changes, lubrications and engine tune-ups, to achieve smoother running of vehicles and ensure compliance with pollution regulations;
(h) reassembling engines and parts after being repaired.

Examples: Automotive brakes systems service technician, Diesel fitter (road transport), Engine fitter (motor vehicle), Garage mechanic, Moped repairer, Motorcycle mechanic, Motorized rickshaw mechanic, Motor vehicle engine and fuel systems service technician, Motor vehicle mechanic, Motor vehicle mechatronics service technician, Motor vehicle repairer, Motor vehicle service technician, Small engine mechanic

285Skilled Workers in Protective Services

2851Firefighters

Firefighters prevent, fight and extinguish fires and assist in other emergencies, protect life and property and conduct rescue efforts.

Tasks include:
(a) responding to fire alarms and other calls for assistance, such as automobile and industrial accidents, bomb threats and other emergencies;
(b) controlling and extinguishing fires using manual and power equipment and firefighting chemicals;
(c) fighting special types of fires and using special equipment in industrial establishments;
(d) rescuing people from burning buildings and accident sites and those trapped in dangerous situations;
(e) preventing or limiting the spread of dangerous substances in case of fires or accidents;
(f) informing the public about fire prevention.

Examples: Firefighter, Forest firefighter

2852Police Officers

Police officers maintain law and order, patrolling public areas, enforcing laws and regulations and arresting suspected offenders.

Tasks include:
(a) patrolling a specific area to maintain public order, responding to emergencies, protecting people and property and enforcing laws and regulations;
(b) identifying, pursuing and arresting suspects and perpetrators of criminal acts;
(c) directing traffic and assuming authority in the event of accidents;
(d) providing emergency assistance to victims of accidents, crimes and natural disasters.

Examples: Constable, Police officer, Police patrol officer

2853Prison Guards

Prison guards watch over and maintain order among inmates of prisons, reformatories or penitentiaries.

Tasks include:
(a) searching arriving prisoners, putting their valuables in safekeeping, escorting prisoners to cells and locking them in;
(b) making periodic inspection tours of cells and inspecting and maintaining the security of locks, windows, doors and gates;
(c) supervising prisoners at work and meals, and during recreation periods;
(d) observing the conduct and behaviour of prisoners to prevent disturbances and escapes;
(e) patrolling prison areas to prevent escapes;
(f) assisting with the implementation of rehabilitation programs;
(g) escorting prisoners in transit and during temporary leave.

Examples: Prison guard

2854Security Guards

Security guards patrol or monitor premises to guard property against theft and vandalism. They control access to establishments and maintain order and enforce regulations at public events and within establishments.

Tasks include:
(a) patrolling premises and checking doors, windows and gates to prevent and detect signs of unauthorized entry;
(b) controlling access to establishments, monitoring and authorizing the entrance or departure of employees and visitors, checking identification and issuing security passes;
(c) circulating among visitors, patrons or employees to preserve order, protect property from theft or vandalism and enforce the regulations of the establishment;
(d) responding to alarms, investigating disturbances and contacting superiors, police or firefighters as appropriate;
(e) performing security checks of passengers and luggage at airports;
(f) picking up and ensuring the safe delivery of cash and valuables to banks, automated teller machines and retail establishments.

Examples: Bodyguard, Doorkeeper, Museum guard, Security guard, Security patrolman/woman, Watchman/woman

285NSkilled Workers in Protective Services, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class covers protective services workers not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 541: Protective Services Workers. For instance, the class includes lifeguards, crossing guards and animal control officers.

Tasks include:
(a) patrolling beaches and swimming pools to prevent accidents and to rescue bathers from drowning;
(b) monitoring traffic flow to locate safe gaps through which pedestrians can cross streets;
(c) responding to citizen complaints concerning stray domestic animals, livestock and wildlife, issuing warnings and citations to owners and impounding lost, homeless and dangerous animals;
(d) patrolling an assigned area to enforce parking regulations;
(e) directing traffic.

Examples: Animal control officer, Beach patrolman/woman, Crossing guard, Game warden, Lifeguard, Traffic warden

286Skilled Workers in Sales

2861Sales Demonstrators

Sales demonstrators demonstrate goods at commercial premises, exhibitions and private homes.

Tasks include:
(a) setting up displays and demonstrating articles for sale to inform customers about their characteristics and mode of use, as well as to stimulate buying interest;
(b) answering questions and offering advice on the use of goods;
(c) selling goods or directing customers to sales staff;
(d) taking orders and making arrangements for payment, delivery and collection of goods;
(e) offering sample goods and distributing catalogues and advertising material.

Examples: Demonstrator, Sales merchandiser

2862Salespersons, Contact Center

Contact center salespersons contact existing and prospective customers, using the telephone or other electronic communications media, to promote goods and services, obtain sales and arrange sales visits. They may work from a customer contact center or from non-centralized premises.

Tasks include:
(a) promoting goods and services by telephone or electronic mail, following scripts and working from lists of contacts;
(b) creating interest in goods and services, and seeking a sale or an agreement to see sales representatives;
(c) arranging processing and dispatch of goods and services, information kits and brochures to customers;
(d) arranging appointments for sales representatives;
(e) recording notes for follow-up action and updating marketing databases to reflect changes to the status of each customer;
(f) reporting competitor activities and issues raised by contacts for attention by managers;
(g) maintaining statistics of calls made and successes achieved;
(h) submitting periodic reports on telemarketing activities and results.

Examples: Call center salesperson, Customer contact center salesperson, Internet salesperson, Telemarketer, Telemarketing salesperson

2863Salespersons, Door-to-Door

Door-to-door salespersons describe, demonstrate and sell goods and services and solicit business for establishments by approaching or visiting potential customers, usually residents in private homes, by going from door to door.

Tasks include:
(a) giving details of various goods or services and of terms of sale by visiting clients and potential clients in private homes;
(b) demonstrating or describing goods or services on offer;
(c) recording orders and transactions and placing orders received with suppliers;
(d) preparing invoices and sales contracts and accepting payment;
(e) distributing letters, information sheets and other documents to clients;
(f) compiling lists of prospective clients and calling on them to obtain new business;
(g) travelling between sales areas and clients and transporting samples or goods for sale.

Examples: Door-to-door salesperson, Door-to-door sales representative, Party plan salesperson

2864Salespersons, Stall and Market

Stall and market salespersons sell various goods from stalls on open-air or covered markets or from stalls in streets or other open spaces.

Tasks include:
(a) obtaining permission to set up a stand at a particular place in streets, markets or other open spaces;
(b) determining product mix, stock and price levels for goods to be sold;
(c) buying or contracting a regular supply of goods to be sold from wholesale suppliers or directly from producers;
(d) erecting and dismantling stalls and stands, and transporting, storing, loading and unloading goods for sale;
(e) demonstrating and selling goods and accepting payment;
(f) stacking and displaying goods for sale, and wrapping and packing goods sold;
(g) keeping accounts and maintaining a record of stock levels.

Examples: Kiosk salesperson, Market stallholder, Market vendor, Street stall sales assistant

2865Salespersons, Street Food

Street food salespersons prepare and sell, or sell previously prepared hot or cold foods and beverages ready for immediate consumption in streets and public places such as stations, cinemas or theatres.

Tasks include:
(a) obtaining permission or a licence, where required, to sell food and drinks on the street or in a public place;
(b) obtaining food and drinks for sale;
(c) preparing, either beforehand or on the spot, food and drinks for sale;
(d) loading and unloading, pushing, pedalling or carrying handcarts, trucks, trays or baskets to bring food and drinks to the desired place in the street, or to public places such as stations or cinemas;
(e) displaying and selling food and drinks and accepting payment.

Examples: Hawker (food), Street food vendor

2866Shopkeepers

Shopkeepers operate small retail shops either independently or with support from a small number of others.

Tasks include:
(a) determining product mix, stock and price levels for goods to be sold;
(b) purchasing and ordering goods for sale from markets, wholesalers and other suppliers;
(c) budgeting and maintaining records of stock levels and financial transactions;
(d) determining prices and displaying goods for sale;
(e) selling goods to customers and advising them on product use;
(f) examining returned goods and deciding on appropriate action;
(g) taking inventory of goods in stock.

Examples: Grocer, Newsagent, Shopkeeper

2867Shop Supervisors

Shop supervisors supervise and coordinate the activities of shop sales assistants, checkout operators and other workers in retail and wholesale shops such as supermarkets and department stores.

Tasks include:
(a) planning and preparing work schedules and assigning staff to specific duties;
(b) instructing staff on sales procedures, including how to handle difficult or complex cases;
(c) ensuring that customers receive prompt service;
(d) participating in and providing advice to managers on interviewing, hiring, training, evaluating, promoting and dismissing staff, and resolving staff grievances;
(e) examining returned goods and deciding on appropriate action;
(f) taking inventory of goods for sale and ordering new stock;
(g) ensuring that goods and services are correctly priced and displayed;
(h) ensuring that safety procedures are enforced.

Examples: Checkout supervisor, Supermarket supervisor

2868Shop Sales Assistants

Shop sales assistants sell a range of goods and services directly to the public or on behalf of retail and wholesale establishments, and explain the functions and qualities of these goods and services.

Tasks include:
(a) determining customer requirements and advising on product range, price, delivery, warranties and product use and care;
(b) demonstrating and explaining to customers the establishment’s goods and services;
(c) selling goods and services, accepting payment by a variety of payment methods, preparing sales invoices and recording sales using cash registers;
(d) assisting with the ongoing management of stock such as product inventories, and participating in stock takes;
(e) stacking and displaying goods for sale, and wrapping and packing goods sold.

Examples: Salesperson (retail establishment), Salesperson (wholesale establishment), Shop assistant

286NSkilled Workers in Sales, Not Elsewhere Classified

This class includes sales workers not classified elsewhere.

Examples: Rental salesperson

29Skilled Workers in Other Fields

299Skilled Workers in Other Fields — Other

2991Astrologers, Fortune-Tellers, and Related

Astrologers, fortune-tellers and related workers recount past and predict future events in persons’ lives by practicing astrology, on the basis of characteristics of the clients’ palms, samples of playing cards drawn or other techniques.

Tasks include:
(a) casting horoscopes of individuals at birth or later to recount past and forecast future events and conditions of their lives;
(b) interpreting characteristics of clients’ palms, samples of playing cards, position of tea leaves or coffee remnants in a cup, shapes and patterns of bones of dead animals, etc.;
(c) forecasting future events on the basis of these interpretations;
(d) determining auspicious times for various human activities such as inaugurations, marriages, journeys and religious and other ceremonies;
(e) giving warnings and advice on possible courses of action;
(f) advising individuals on precautions to be taken to avoid evil influences.

Examples: Astrologer, Fortune-teller, Numerologist, Palmist

2992Companions and Valets

Companions and valets provide companionship and attend to various needs of the client or employer.

Tasks include:
(a) providing companionship to the employer by accompanying him/her to various places, reading, conversing and participating in activities such as sports;
(b) assisting in entertaining visitors in the employer’s home;
(c) keeping wardrobe and personal effects of the employer in good order.

Examples: Companion, Personal maid, Valet

2993Embalmers and Undertakers

Undertakers and embalmers arrange funerals and perform various tasks in the disposal of human remains.

Tasks include:
(a) making arrangements for and conducting funerals, cremations and burials;
(b) embalming human remains to retard or arrest the process of decay;
(c) conforming to health and sanitation and ensuring that legal requirements concerning embalming are met;
(d) incising and closing incisions on various parts of the body and reshaping or reconstructing disfigured or maimed human remains when necessary;
(e) dressing human bodies and placing them in caskets;
(f) conducting interviews to arrange for preparation of obituary notices, to assist with the selection of caskets or urns, and to determine the location and time of burials or cremations.

Examples: Embalmer, Undertaker

2994Fumigators and Other Pest and Weed Controllers

Fumigators and other pest and weed controllers use chemicals to remove harmful insects, small animals, wild plants and other unwanted organisms, to prevent damage to crops and to buildings and other structures and their surroundings, and to prevent health risks.

Tasks include:
(a) operating and monitoring equipment for spraying pests and weeds;
(b) mixing chemicals according to instructions;
(c) covering areas to specified depths with pesticides, applying knowledge of weather conditions, droplet sizes, elevation-to-distance ratios, and obstructions;
(d) spraying or releasing chemical solutions or toxic gases, and setting traps to kill pests and vermin, such as mice, termites and roaches;
(e) lifting, pushing and swinging nozzles, hoses and tubes in order to direct spray over designated areas;
(f) filling sprayer tanks with water and chemicals;
(g) cleaning and servicing machinery to ensure operating efficiency.

Examples: Fumigator, Pest controller, Weed controller

2995Pet Groomers and Other Animal Care Workers

Pet groomers and animal care workers feed, handle, train and groom animals and assist veterinarians, animal health technologists and technicians in veterinary facilities, animal shelters, breeding and boarding kennels, zoos, laboratories, retail pet shops, riding schools, dog training schools, pet grooming and similar establishments.

Tasks include:
(a) bathing and feeding animals;
(b) leading or carrying animals to treatment rooms and holding them during treatment;
(c) cleaning and sterilizing veterinary surgical instruments;
(d) labelling drugs, chemicals and other pharmaceutical preparations and replenishing stock;
(e) sterilizing bottles, beakers and other equipment;
(f) cleaning, organizing and disinfecting animal quarters such as pens, stables, cages and yards, and animal equipment such as saddles and bridles;
(g) collecting and recording animal information such as weight, size, physical condition, treatments received, medications given and food intake;
(h) training animals to develop and maintain desired behaviours for competition, entertainment, obedience, security, riding and other activities;
(i) grooming animals by performing tasks such as washing, brushing, clipping and trimming coats, cutting nails and cleaning ears.

Examples: Animal attendant, Dog trainer, Horse breaker, Veterinary aide, Zoo keeper

2996Product Graders and Testers (excl. Foods and Beverages)

Product graders and testers (excluding foods and beverages) inspect, test, sort, sample and weigh raw materials, manufactured components and non-comestible goods produced or sold, to ensure compliance with quality standards, to identify defects, wear and deviations from specifications, and to grade and classify them according to their quality.

Tasks include:
(a) inspecting and testing products, parts and materials for conformity with specifications and standards;
(b) grading and classifying natural textile fibres for spinning and winding;
(c) discarding or rejecting products, materials and equipment not meeting specifications;
(d) analysing and interpreting blueprints, data, manuals and other materials to determine specifications, inspection and testing procedures;
(e) notifying supervisors and other personnel of production problems, and assisting in identifying and correcting these problems;
(f) recording inspection or test data such as weights, temperatures, grades or moisture content, and quantities inspected or graded;
(g) marking items with details such as grade and acceptance or rejection status;
(h) measuring dimensions of products using instruments such as rulers, calipers, gauges or micrometers;
(i) analysing test data and making computations as necessary to determine test results.

Examples: Product grader, Quality inspector, Wool classer

2997Transport Conductors

Transport conductors check and issue tickets and ensure the safety and comfort of passengers on trains, trams, buses and other public transport vehicles.

Tasks include:
(a) collecting and issuing tickets, passes or fares, and checking the validity of tickets issued previously;
(b) attending to sleeping-cars and their occupants on passenger trains;
(c) providing assistance with boarding, seating and luggage as required, especially to elderly, sick or injured people;
(d) opening and closing doors for passengers;
(e) performing equipment safety checks prior to departure;
(f) signalling to drivers to stop or proceed;
(g) greeting passengers boarding transportation equipment, and announcing routes and stops.
(h) ensuring that safety regulations are respected;
(i) responding to passengers’ requests and complaints and providing information about stops and connections;
(j) taking appropriate action in case of emergencies or accidents.

Examples: Bus conductor, Cable car conductor, Ticket inspector (public transport), Train conductor, Tram conductor

2998Underwater Divers

Underwater divers work under the surface of water, with or without the aid of underwater breathing apparatus, to inspect, install, repair and remove equipment and structures, conduct tests or experiments, rig explosives, photograph structures or marine life, collect various forms of aquatic life for commercial or research purposes, and find and recover missing items and persons.

Tasks include:
(a) taking safety precautions, such as monitoring dive lengths and depths, and registering with authorities before diving expeditions begin;
(b) checking and maintaining diving equipment such as helmets, masks, air tanks, diving suits, harnesses and gauges;
(c) descending into water with the aid of diver helpers, using scuba gear or diving suits;
(d) working under water to lay and repair bridges, piers and harbour-wall foundations;
(e) inspecting for suspected damage and making minor repairs to ships’ hulls and underwater installations;
(f) reporting on the condition of wrecked ships;
(g) removing underwater obstructions;
(h) drilling holes for underwater blasting;
(i) performing various underwater tasks connected with salvage work or recovering dead bodies;
(j) gathering shellfish, sponges and other aquatic life forms;
(j) communicating with workers on the surface while under water, using signal lines or telephones;
(k) obtaining information about diving tasks and environmental conditions.

Examples: Oyster diver, Salvage frogman, Sponge diver, Underwater worker

299NSkilled Workers in Other Fields, Not Elsewhere Classified

This group covers craft and trade occupations not classified elsewhere. For instance, the group includes those who mould, slice, grind and polish optical lenses and those who arrange flowers for display.

Tasks include:
(a) heating, moulding and pressing optical glass to make lens blanks;
(b) grinding and polishing lens blanks.

Examples: Flower arranger, Optical lens finisher, Optical lens moulder This class covers personal service workers not classified elsewhere. For instance, those who provide services and companionship as dancing partners, social escorts and night-club hostesses or hosts are classified here.

Tasks include:
(a) accompanying clients to restaurants and other outings;
(b) acting as a dancing partner;
(c) welcoming clients to a night-club and ensuring that they are entertained well.

Examples: Club host/hostess, Dancing partner, Social escort

10Unskilled Workers in Business and Public Administration

11Unskilled Workers in Architecture, Design, Engineering, and Sciences

12Unskilled Workers in Arts, Culture, Entertainment, Media, Recreation, and Sports

13Unskilled Workers in Education

14Unskilled Workers in Healthcare and Welfare

15Unskilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

151Unskilled Workers in Hospitality (HoReCa) and Tourism

1511Kitchen Helpers

Kitchen helpers clear tables, clean kitchen areas, wash dishes, prepare ingredients and perform other duties to assist workers who prepare or serve food and beverages.

Tasks include:
(a) cleaning kitchens, food preparation areas and service areas;
(b) assisting cooks and chefs in preparation of food by washing, peeling, chopping, cutting, measuring and mixing ingredients;
(c) assembling dishes for service;
(d) unpacking checking, transferring, weighing and storing supplies in refrigerators, cupboards and other storage areas;
(e) washing dishes and cooking utensils and putting them away;
(f) preparing, cooking, toasting and heating simple food items.

Examples: Hand dish washer, Kitchen assistant, Kitchen hand, Kitchen porter, Kitchen steward, Pantry attendant

1512Waiters and Related

Waiters serve food and beverages at tables in dining and drinking places, clubs, institutions and canteens, on board ships and on passenger trains.

Tasks include:
(a) setting tables with clean linen, cutlery, crockery and glassware;
(b) greeting customers and presenting them with menus and beverage lists;
(c) advising on food and beverage choices;
(d) taking orders for food and drinks and passing orders to kitchen or bar staff;
(e) serving food and beverages to clients at tables;
(f) clearing tables and returning dishes and cutlery to the kitchen;
(g) presenting bills, accepting payment and operating point-of-sales machines and cash registers.

Examples: Sommelier, Waiter

16Unskilled Workers in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

17Unskilled Workers in Production and Related Trades

171Unskilled Workers in Agriculture, Aquaculture, Forestry, and Related

1711Laborers in Mixed Farming

Mixed crop and livestock farm laborers perform simple and routine tasks in farm production of both crops and animals.

Tasks include:
(a) digging and shovelling to clear ditches or for other purposes;
(b) loading and unloading supplies, produce and other materials;
(c) raking, pitching and stacking straw, hay and similar materials;
(d) watering, thinning and weeding crops by hand or using hand tools;
(e) picking fruit, nuts, vegetables and other crops and collecting eggs;
(f) planting and harvesting field crops such as rice, by hand;
(g) feeding, watering and cleaning animals and keeping their quarters clean;
(h) monitoring livestock and reporting on their condition;
(i) assisting with herding, droving and separating livestock for milking, shearing, transportation or slaughter, and between pastures;
(j) grading, sorting, bunching and packing produce into containers;
(k) performing minor repairs on fixtures, buildings, equipment and fences.

Examples: Farm laborer